Jainism in Buddhist Literature
                                                                By Dr. Hiralal Jain

NOTES 

CHAPTER I 

Antiquity of Sramana System 

1. Upadhye, A. N. Mahavira and his Philosophy, Lord Mahavira and his Teachings, Bombay, 1961.

2. Eliot, Sir Charles, Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol. l. p. 53.

3.   Williams, S. M., Sanskrit-English Dictionary (s. v. Brahmana), p. 741.

4. See the Upanisad and Vedanga literature.

5. Chaup. Viii. 7. 1.

6.   Dasgupta, S. N., A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. l. p. 22.

7. Rgveda, 10. 90. 12.

8. A. i. 167; D. iii. 16; S. i. 45 Dhp. 164

9.   Sanskrit. English Dictionary (Williams), s. v. Sramana, p. 1097.

10.   Samacariya samano ti vuccati, Dhp. 388. Cf. Samita papatta Samana, DhA. iii. 84.

11.   Mahabhasya, 2. 4. 9.

12.   Jetly, Historical Position of Jainism, Ahimsa and Jainism, Bombay, 1959-60.

13.   Deo, S. V., History of Jaina monachism, p. 56; also see R. Garbe, Philosophy of Ancient India, p. 12.: Jainism, Mrs. N. R. Guseva. P. 4-18.

14.   Vratya asidiyamana eva sa Prajapatim samaisyat...... Atharavaveda, 15. 1-4; The Pali literature (Theraga tha) also refers Vratyas. Confer; Ananda Guruge, Vidyodaya Lipi, Colombo, 1962, p, 71, where arguments are adduced to porve that Vratyas of an Eastern Indian were the survivals of Indus Valley Civilisation.

15.   Caturo Samana na pancamatthi te te avikaromi Sakkhaputtho. Maggajino maggadesiko ca, magge jivati yo ca maggadusin, Sn. 83-4.

16.   Yama assa vadam parihanamahu, apahatam panhavimanskesu. Paridevati saccati hinavado, upaccago mam'ti anutthunanti. Sn. 827; Ete vivada samanesu jata, Sn. 828.

17.   54, 151, 786 etc.

18.     Ye kec'ime titthiya vadasila, ajivika va yadi va Nigantha. Pannaya tam natitaranti sabbe, thito vajantam viya sighagamim. Sn. 381.

19.   Shastry, N. Aiyasvami, Sramanas or non-Brahmanical Sects, The Cultural Heritage of India, Vol. l. p. 389 ff.

20.     p. 949, 342 b.    21.   ibid. p. 949.

22.   Cf. yato, kho, Kassapa, bhikkhu averam avyapajjam mettacittam bhaveti, asavanam khaya anasavam cetovimuttim pannavimuttim dittheva dhamme sayam sacchikatva upasampajja viharati, ayam vucati, Kassapa, bhikkhu, Samano ti, D. i. 170.

23.   Hirottappam, parisuddho kayasamacaro.........M. i. 271; D. i. 170.

24.   Op. Cit. Vol. l. p. 386 ff.    25.   Op. Cit. p. 45.

26.   Samvayanga, 10. l.    27.   ibid. 12. 2.

28.     v. i., Parajika.    A. i. 229.

29.   The sixty two Micchaditthis as mentioned in the Brahmajalsutta are as follows in chief eight heads : viz. Sassatavadin, Ekaccasassatavadika, Antanantika, Amaravikkhepika, Adhiccassamuppannika, Uddhamaghatin, Ucchedavadin and the Ditthadhammavadin.

30.   The Sutrakratanga refers to 363 view under four main sects, viz. Kriyavada, Akriyavada, Ajnanavada and Vinayavada, 1.1 12 ff.

31.   Lalitavistara, ed. Lefmana, Vol. l. p. 380; Mahavastu,

32.   Saddarma Pundarika, (Kern), pp. 275-6.

33.   Brahatkathakosa, intro. p. 13.

34.   See the Buddhist literature; Sn., Selasutta.

35.     A. 276.    36.   Utta. Chap. xxv;

37.   Uvasaga. pp. 108,

38.   Dialogues of Buddha, ll. intro., p. 165,

39.   Op. Cit.

40.   Cf. D. i. 5; ii. 150; A. i. 110, 173, sq; Iti. 64 : Sn. 189 : V. ii. 295.

41.   Upadhyaya, B. D., Sanskrit Sahitya ka Itihasa, p. 148.

42.   Mahabhasya. 2. 4. 9.

43.   Kalasi Rock. Edict, lll; Girinara Rock Edict, IV, VIII, etc.

44.   Buddhist Monks and Monasteries of India, p. 49; The Buddha and Five Year After Centuries. p. 3.

45.   History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, p. 10.

46.     D. i. 49.

47.   Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philosophy, pp. 275.

48.   History and Doctrines of Ajivikas. p. 10.

49.   Purana Kassapa, Makkhali Gosala, and Sanjaya Belatthiputta are referred to in Jaina Literature.

50.   Karato kho karayato......panam atimapayato...natthi punnassa agamo. D. i. 52.

51.   Pre-Buddhist Philosphy, p. 279.

52.   Sukr. l. l. 12. 15. v. p. 209.

53.   Early Monastic Buddhism, Vol. l. p. 35.

54.     S. iii 69; V. 126.    55.  A. iii. 383; also see J. v. 227.

56.     A. iv.428.    57.   DA. i. 142.

58.   DhA; Cf. Divyavdana, Pratiharyasutra, pp. 100.

59.   Bhavasangraha, 175-179.

60.     D. i. 53.    61.  M. i. 513; Milindapanha, 4-5.

62.   Darsanasara, 176.    63.  l. Cf. Sukr. 2. 1. 345.

64.     A. i. 33.    65.  A. i. 289.

66.   DA. i. 166 f.    67.   Mahabhasya, 5. l. 154.

68.   Sutra, 216.

69.   N'tthi ayam loko ti paraloke thitassa pi ayam loko n'atthi, n'atthi paraloke ti idha loke thitassa pi paraloko n'atthi. Sabbe tattha tattha'eva ucchijanti ti dasseti, Sum. Vil. i. p. 165.

70.   Op. Cit. P. 166.

Also see Uttaradhyayana (SBB), p. 62.

Modgalayana was also a name of Jaina clan:, Sukr 7-8

71.   N'atthi......dinnam, n'atthi yittham, n'atthi hutam, ......ucchijjanti vinassanti, na hontiparam marana. (Digha, I, p. 55. A remarkable parallel to this passage is to be found in the Sutrakrtanga (II. i. 9 Fol. 375 FF. i. SBE. XIV. II. i. 15-17; History and doctrines of Ajivikas--Basham. PP. 15-16.

72.   DA. i. 144; MA. i. 422-3.

73.     Satt' ime......kaya akata akata-vidha animmita animmata vanjha kutattha esika-tthayi-tthita. Te na injanti na viparinamanti na annam-annam vyaba-dhenti n' alam annaannassa sukhaya va dukkhaya va sukkha-dukkhaya va. Katame satta ? Pathavi-kayo apo-kayo tejokayo vayokayo sukhe dukhe jive-sattme......Tattha n'tthi hanta va ghateta va sotta va Saveta va vinnata va vinnapeta va. Yo pi tinhena satthena sisam chindati na koci kinci jivita voropeti, Sattannam yeva kayanam antarena sattha-vivaram anupatati. D. i. 56. Compare with the Sutrakrtanga 1. 1. 10, fol. 280 ff. SBE. XIV, i. 20-4. History and doctrines of Ajivikas, p. 16.

74.   DA. i. 144.

75.   "Atthi paro loko ?" ti iti ce tam pucchasi, "atthi paro loko" ti iti ce me assa, "atthi paro loko" ti te mam vyakareyyam. Evam pi me no. Tatha ti pi me no. Annatha ti pi me no. No ti pi me no. No no ti pi me no....D. i. 58.

76.     V. i. 42, 391.

77.   Rustah Sriviranathasya tapasvi Maudgalayanah. Sisyah Sriparsvanathasya vidadhe Buddhadarsanam. Suddodanasutam Buddham paramatmanambrabit. AS. 6.    78.   DPPN, p. 1000.

79.   Tarhyastiti na bhanami, nastiti ca na bhanami, yadapi ce bhanami, tadapi na bhanamiti darsanamastviti kascit, so `pi papiyan......Astasahasri, p. 129.

80.   Dighanikaya, Brahmajalasutta.

81.   Sabbavariyuto ti sabbena papavaranena yutto. Sabbavaridhuto ti sabbena papavaranena dhutapapo. Sabbavariphuttho ti sabbena papavaranena phuttho...... Catatto ti kotippattacitto. Sum. Vil. i. p. 168.

82.   Nigantho catuyam asamvarasamvuto hoti. Kathanca... Nigantha sabbavarivarito ca hoti, sabbavaridhuto ca. sabbaphutto ca. evam kho, Maharaja, Nigantho...... Ayam vuccati, Maharaja, Nigantho gatatto ca yatatto ca thitatto ca ti. D. i. 37.

83.   Jaina Sutras, pt 11. SBE. xiv. intro. pp. xx-xxi.

85.     D. i. 58.    84.  S. iv. 317-8.

86.     A. iii, 276-7.

87.   Milinda Panha, 259 FF. Sum. Vil. i. 168.

88.     A. ii. 199.    89.  M. i. 374. F.

90.     V. i. 233. F.; A. iv. 179 F, See also the Telovada Jataka.    91. M. ii, 31, A. i. 220. F.

92.     M. ii, 31; A. iii, 74.

93.   Early Monastic Buddhism, Vol. l. p. 40.

94.   Encyclopaedia of Buddhism (s. v. Ajivika), p. 330.

95.     M. i. 238

96.     Ye keci `ime titthiya vadasila Ajivika va yadiva nigantha. Pannaya tam natitaranti sabbe thito vajantam. viya sighagamin. 321.

97.   Sandakasutta.    98.   DHA. i. 309.

99.   ibid. pp. 390.    100. p. 427.

101.   Sugiura, Hindu Logic as preserved in China and Japan, Philadephia, 1900, p. also see ERE. i. p. 269.

102.   Abhidhana Ratnamata, ii. 189; Vaijayanti, Ed., Oppert. p. 202, v. 16.

103.   ERE. i. pp. 266-7.

104.   History and Doctrines of Ajivikas, p. 184. See, Jaina Sahitya ka Itihasa : Purvapithika, pp. 463 for refutaton of the theory of Hoernle.

105.    Te Gosalakamatanusarina Ajivikadayah (sic) Botika va. SuKr. Com. i. 3. 3. 14, fol. 92. Eke ye parasparopakararahitam darsanamayantam ayahsatakakalpah, te ca Gosalakamatanusarina Ajivika Digambara va, ibid., 3. 3. 8. v. p. 91.

106.    ERE: i. p. 262.

107.   Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, pp. 332 f.

108.   Varahamihira in his Brhajjataka (15. 1.) also refers to the Ajivikas. For a full discussion of this reference see Ajaya Mitra Shastri, Barahamihira's reference to the Ajivikas, J. O. I. Vol. xii, p. 44-50.

109.   Samyagdarsanajnanacaritrani moksamargah, Tsu. 1. l; Cf. Majjhima Nikaya, Sammaditthi Sutta.

110.   Majjhima Nikaya, Mahamalunkya Suttam.

111.   Bandhahetvabhavanirijarabhyam krtsnakarmavipramokso moksah, Tsu. 10. 2; SS. p. I.

112.   Gataddhino visokassa, vippamuttassa sabbadhi. Sabbaganthappahinassa, parilaho na vijjati. DhP. 90.

113.    M. i. 03; ii. 214 ff.

114.   The Buddha condemned the Niganthas as unworthy in ten respects : they were without faiths, unrighteous, without fear and shame, they chose wicked men as friends, extolled themselves and disparaged others, were greedy of present gain, obstinate, untrustworthy, sinful in their thoughts and held wrong views., A. v. 156.

115.   IA. IX. 162; quoted by Kamata Prasada, Bhagawana Mahavira, p. 263 fn. 4. 

2. Jainism And ItS Literature 

1. There are two great cycles (kalpas) Utsarpani (Evolution) and Apasarpani (Involution). Each of these is divided into six periods; (i) Sukhama sukhama or the period of great happiness. (ii) Sukhama or the period of happiness, (iii) Sukhama duhkhama or the age of happiness and some misery, (iv) Duhkhamasukhama or the age of misery and some happiness, (v) Duhkhama or the age of misery. The present era is the fifth one which is to last twenty-one thousand years. Two thousand and five hundred years have already passed.

The present Kalpa is Utsarpani, in which twenty-four Jain Tirthankara appeared : (1) Rsabhadeva (2) Ajitanatha (3) Sambhavanatha (4) Abhinandananatha (5) Sumatinatha (6) Padmanatha (7) Suparsvanatha (8) Candaprabha (9) Puspadanta (10) Sitalanatha (11) Sreyansanatha (12) Vasupujya (13) Vimalanatha (18) Arahanatha (19) Mallinatha (20) Munisuvratanatha (21) Naminatha (22) Neminatha (23) Parsvanatha, and (24) Mahavira (Vardhamana) or Nigantha Nataputta of Pali literature.

2.   Kalpasutra, S B E., xxii., pp. 281-285 : Harivamsa-Purana, 8. 15. Mahapurana of Puspadanta, Sandhis 1-3.

3.   Atharvaveda, Chapt xv.; They may be purified with the vratyastoma method and treated as follower of Vaidic religion. (Katyayana and Apastambha Srautasutra). Munayo vatarasanah pisanga vasate mala (Rgveda, 10. 136, 2-3), Kesyagnim kesi visam (ibid. 10. 136. 1), and Kakardava Krasabho yukta asid (ibid. 10. 102.6) etc. are the references to prove the antiquity of Jainism.

4. Rgveda, 10. 102. 6.

5. Visnu Purana (ed. Wilson), 2. 1. p. 163; Bhagavat Purana, 5. 3. 6.; Markandeya Purana, 50; Kurma Purana 41; Agni. 10; etc.

6. Jain, K. P., JA. Vol. 1. No. ii., 1935, p. 19. Also see Modern Review, August, 1932-Sindhu Five Thousand Years Ago. Ramchandran, T. N., Hadappa and Jainism, Anekanta, October, 1972. pp. 159.

7. JBORS. iii. 465.

8. The Philosophy of India, p. 60.

9. Weber, (Indische Studian, xvi. 210; Jaina Itihasa Series, No. 1. p. 6; Jainism in North India, introduction.) adduces four points of coincidence. which, according to his opinion, prove that Jainism, has branched off from Buddhism, (Indische Alterthumskunde, iv. p. 763). This theory has been refuted by Jacobi. See Jain Sutras, l. intro. xxi.

10.   IA., Vol. ix. p. 163.

11.   The Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist terms, p. 184.

12.   Manjusrimulakalpa, 45. 27, ed. Ganapati Shastri, Trivendram, 1920; Buddhist Sanskrit Dictionary, (s. v. Nirgrantha); Mahavastu, vol, 1. p-369.

13.   p.286.    14.   ThegA., i. 68.

15.   S., ii. 192.    16.   J., i. 36.

17.   ThegA., i. 335; Ap., i. 287; see also., iii. 70, and PVA., 75.

18.   AP., i. 50.    19.   Bu., xxi. 122.

20.   J., vi 133 ff.    21.   M., iii. 70; Ap., i. 107.

22.   Ap., i. 205; ThegA. i. 115.

23.   Dhammajataka.    24.  p. 212.

25.   DPPN., S. V. Dhamma.

26.   A., iii. 373.

27.   Isigilisutta.

28.   Dialogues of the Buddha, iii. p. 60.

29.   Paccesanti paka-senti totola tattala tototla. Ojasi tejasi tatojasi suro raja Aritth Nemi. D., iii. 291.

30.   Mhv., trans. 72. n. 3.

31.   Mhv., x. 63-72.

32.   A., i. 290; ii. 11, quoted by J. C. Jain, in the Life in Ancient India, p. 19; also see Kalpasutra 6.149; Schubring, Die Lehre Der Jainas, p. 24.

Jacobi, SBE., xiv. pp. intro., xiv-xxi; Dasagupta, History of Indian Philosophy. l. p. 173.

33.     p. 236.    34.   A., ii. 196 ff.

35.   M., i. 371 ff.    36.   ibid., 392 ff.

37.   ibid., 237 ff.; MA., i. 450

38.   ibid., 371. ff.    39.   S., iv. 312 ff.

40.   Ninkha (Nika) is a Deva who visits the Buddha in the company of several other Devas and utters a verse in praise of Nigantha Nataputta:

Jegucchi tapako bhikkhu Catuyama susamvuto.

Nittham sutam ca acikkham na hi nuna kibbisi siya.

41.   Mahavagga 42.  S. i. 65. f.

43. J. iii., l.    44.  M. i. 371 ff.

45.   Jaya Dhavala, Vol. i. p. 78.

46.   Tiloyapannatti, 4. 550.

47.   Acaranga, 2. 3. 402,; Kalpasutra, 110.

48.   According to the Svetambara tradition, however, Mahavira was married. But the tradition is now challenged by the result of researches done by Shri Parmananda Shastri, See, Anekanta, kirana 9, March 1955, p. 233.

49.   SnA` ii., 432; Tiloya Pannati, 4.550.

50.   MA., 423; Cf. MV., 1.113.5; Mahavyutpatti, 3550; Sp., 276; 3; Divya., 143.12; As., i. 231.5; LV., 380.12; Bodhisatvabhumi, 246.6; Cf. Buddhist Hybrid Sanskrit Dictionary, p. 300. The Dharmottarapradipa and the Tattvasangraha refer to Nigantha Nataputta as Vardhamana. 3.11.

51.   See in detail my article "Bhagavana Mahavira aura Mahatma Buddhake vyaktigata samparka", published in Jaina Milana, Vol. l. 1968.

53.     D. i. 57.

54.   D., iii. 119 (Pasadika Sutta); M., ii. 244 (Samagama Sutta); Here the Buddha is referred to have seated at Samagama among the Sakyas; D., iii. 209 f. Here he is said to have seated to Pava.

55.   SBE., Vol. xxii. intro., p. xxvii. 1884.

56.   SBE., Vol. xxii. intro., p. xxxvii. 1894.

57.   Evam ca Mahaviramukte varsaste gate. Pancasadadhike Candragupto bhavernnrp h. 8.339.

58.   IA., 1914, pp. 118; also see the Cambridge History of India, Vol. i. pp. 139-140. Charpentier here thinks that the Vikrama era commences 410 years after the Mahavira's death, 527-60-467. B. C.).

59.   History and Dectrines of the Ajivikas, p. 74.

60.   ibid., 75.

61.     An Advanced History of India, pp. 85-6. Jacobi also seems to have supported this view later on, see his article Jainism. in ERE., 7. pp. 465.

62.   Uvasagadasao, ii. p. lll, n; History of the Ajivikas. p. 76.

63.   Vikkamarajjarambha parao siriviranibbu bhaniya. Sunnam muniveyajutto vikkamakalau Janakale. Vicarasreni.

64.   IA., Vol. 43.

65.   Cunningham, A. Book of Indian Eras. p. 49.

66.   Sattari cadusadjutto tinkala Vikkamo havai jammo. Athavarsa balalila sodasavasehi bhammie dese. Nandisangha's second Prakrita Pattabali. This verse is also found in the Vikrama Prabandha : see, JSB. kirana, 4, p. 75.

67.   Subhasitaratnasandoha of Amitagati.

68.   IA., 1914, pp. 118.

69.   Acarangasutra, SBE., Vo. xxii., intro., p. xxxvii.

70.   Jam rayanim siddhigao araha titthankaro Mahaviro.

Tam rayanimavantie abhisitto palao raya.

Palagaranno sattho pana panasayam viyani nandinam.

Muriyanam satthisayam tisa puna pusamittanam.

--Titthogali Painnaya, 620-621.

71.   Epitom of Jainism, Appendix A. p. iv.

72.   Trisastasalakapurisacaritra, 10. 12. 45.

73.     An Advanced History of India, p. 202,

74.   Mahavira aura Buddhaki Samasamayikata, Anekanta, 16. 1-4. Agama aura Tripitaka; Eka Anusilana, pp. 47.

75.   Vir-Nirvana Samvat aura Jaina Kala Ganana, 1930.

76.   Jaina Sahitya ka Itihasa (Purva-pithika), p. 336-7.

77.   Chronical Problems, Bona, Germany, 1934; Jaina Bharatiya, Varsa 10, anka, l. p. 5-21.

78.   Tirthankara Mahavira, Bombay, 1963, Vol. ll. p. 319-324.

79.   JBORS. 1. 203.

80.   Hindu Sabhyata (Hindu Civilization),pp. 216.

81.   Bhagawana Mahavira aura Mahatma Buddha, pp. 100.

82.   Prasasti Khandya, padya, 1.

83.   Law. B. C; Some Jaina Canonical Sutras, p. 178.

84.   Bharatiya Vidya, Varsa, 3, anka, 1.

85.   Darsana Digdarsana, p. 444, fn. 3.

86.   Jain Sahitya aure Itihasa, pp, 424.

87.   Majjhima Nikaya

88.   Kalpasutra, 128.

89.     M. ii, 243 F.; D. iii, 117, 210.

90.   Dialogues of the Buddha, iii. p. 112.

91.   DA, iii, 906; MA. ll, 851; 851; DPPN., S. V. Nigantha.

92.   Avasyaka mul., bha., v. 127.

93.   Jain, Jyoti Prasad, Bharatiya Itihasa : Eka Drasti, Khanda I.

94.   MA. i, 423.

95.   DPPN. Pt. II. p. 64.

96.   For detailed discussion please see my article "Schism in Jaina Order".

97.   Jain, M. K., Jaina Darsana, p. 14.

98.     It is to be mentioned here that the Digambaras relate their scriptures to Gautama Ganadhara, the first and direct disciple of Mahavira, while the Svetambaras relate to Subharma Svami, the successor of Gautama Gnandhara.

99.   Tiloya Pannatti, 4. 1476-90.

100.   See Jaina Sahitya ka Braha Itihasa, Vol. 1-5

101.   History of Jaina Monachism.

102.   Jaina Silalekha Sangraha, Vol. l. p. l.

103.   The Svetambara tradition believes in his coming back to Magadha and then going to Nepal for Mahapranadhyana, Parisistaparvan.

104.   Samacarisataka of Samayasundarigani, Cf. Doshi, Vechar Das, Jaina Sahityamam Vikara thavathi thayeli hani,).;

105.   Winternitz, M. A.; History of Indian Literature, Vol. ii. p. 434-5.

106.   History of Jaina Monachism, p. 22. op. cit., p. 22.

107.   Sukr. v. 136. p. 253.

108.   Milinda Panha, p. 19. (Bombay edition); DhA. Vol. i. p. 129.

109.   Eliot, Sir Charles, Hinduism and Buddhism, Vol. i. p. 117; A History of Jaina Philosophy, Vol. i. p. 170.

110.   Winternitz, M. A., History of Indian Literature, Vol. ii. p. 426.

111.   Sarvarthasiddhi, l. 20.

112.   Tiloyapannatti, 4. 1476-90. Also see the Harivamsaparans, Dhavala, Jayadhavala, Adipurana, and Srutavatara; Jayadhavala; Vol. i. intro. p. 47 50.

113.    Dhavata, Vol. i. intro., p. 23-30.

114.   Syadavadapariksa.

115.   Vadiraja referred to Sanmati in the Parsvanathacarita as a Commentator on the Sanmati which would be the Sammati Prakarana of Siddhasena. Another contribution made by him is referred to in the Mallisenaprasasti of Sravanavelagola. There is mentioned his work "Sumatisaptaka" which is not available.

116.   EL., Vol. xxi. intro. p. 45.

117.   TS. intro. p. 92.

118.   Nanyathanupapannatvam yatra tatra trayena kim. Anyathanupapannatvam yatra tatra trayena kim. ibid. 1369.

119.   NVVI. Vol. ii. p. 234.

120.   SVT. p. 371; TSV. p. 205; Pramanapariksa, p. 72; JTV. p. 135; SKT. p. 225.

121.   "Dharmkirti ke Trilaksanahetupara Patrakesarika Akramana", Bharatiya Prachina Vidysa, 12. pp. 71-80.

122.   History of Indian Logic. p. 187.

123.   Shastri, K. C., Svami Patrakesari aura vidyananda, Anekanta, Varsa l. p. 67.; NKC. 1. intro. p. 76

124.   ibid. p. 75.    125.   EC. Vol. viii, No. 39.

126.   SVT. Vol. i. intro p.    127.   Jaina Darsana, p. 23.

128.   VBH. 95.    129.   SVT. Vol. i. intro. pp. 53-62.

130.   ibid. p. 69-70.    131. D. i. 47 f., M. ii. 2 f.

132.    M. i. 31. 380.; A. i. 220 f.

133.   ibid. 371. ff.

134.   ibid, 392 ff.    135. S. iv. 312 ff.

136.   Dutt, N. Early Monastic Buddhism, Vol. i, p. 145.

137.    S. i. 68; M. i. 205; 400, 426.

138.   DPPN. (s. v. Migara). DjA. i. 387 ff.; AA. i. 220; MA. i. 471.

139.    A. ii. 25; AA. ii. 482 f.

140.    M. i. 91 ff.

141.    M. ii. 214 ff.; M. ii. 31; A. i. 220; M. 92 B.

142.    A. ii. 196 ff.

143.   Jaina Sutras, Vol. xxii. p. 194.

144.    M. i. 234; MA, i. 450.    145.   MA. i. 450.

146.    A. i. 220-ff.    147. V. 233. f; A. iv. 179 f.

148.    M. ii. 243, ff; D. iii. 117, 210. See Early Monastic Buddhism, p. Vol. l. pp. 145 ff.

149.   Mahavamsa, 10. 53-59 (tram).

150.   Mahavamsa, pp. 67.

151.   ibid. 10. 65.    152.   ibid. xxxiii. 43-44.

153.   ibid, xxxiii. 79.    154.   Mahavamsati ka, p. 444.

155.   See, Harivamsaparana; Pauma Cariu, etc.

156.   Vividhatirthakalpa, pp. 93.

157.   ibid. p. 102.

158.   Brahatkathakosa of Harisena, p. 200.

159.   Karkandu cariu, pp. 44-69.

160.   Mahamayuri, ed. by Sylviam Levi, JA. 1915, pp. 40; cf. The Society of the Ramayana, p. 68.

161.   Jaina Silalekha Sangraha, p. 133

162.   Pre-Buddhist Religious Beliefs, JRAS. (Ceylon), Vol. xxxi, No. 82, 1929, p. 325, 

C. Buddhism And Its Literature 

1. See my article Historicity of the Buddha published in the Mahabodhi Journal,

2. Buddha, Trans. by Hoey, p. 6.

3. Buddhist Philosophy, pp. 142-3.

4. Die Lehre der Upanishaden und die Anfange des Buddhism, p. 296.

5. Referred by T. W. Rhys Devids in his book Origin and Growth of Religion, p. 27.

6. Studies in the Origin of Buddhism, p. 547.

7. Beal, Life of Buddha, SBE. Vol. xix. p. 141; Buddhistic Studies, pt. ll; p, 118.

8. M. ii. 77.

9.   So.........sato va abhikkamami sato patikkamami, yava udabindumhi me daya paccupatthita hoti, ma ham khuddaka pane visamagate sanghatam apadessan ti, M. i. 78. Also see Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, p. 465.

10.     M. i. 238.    11.   Darsanasasa, 6-9.

12.   According to Buhler, Pitaka is a basket, in which manuscripts were preserved (Indian Studies, iii, 2nd Ed., Strassburg, 1898, p. 86 ff.), Rhys Davids, (SBE. Vol. 35, p. 28) and Trenckner (JPTS. 1908, p. 119 f.) think that Pitaka does not mean "receptacle" but rather "tradition". See also Winternitz's Indian Literature, Vol. i. p. 8. fn. l.

13.   Mahavamsa,

14.   Kern : Manual of Indian Buddhism, p. 2. In the opinion of Franke, the Mahavagga and Cullavagga of the Vinaya Pitaka would be later then the Dighanikaya (JPTS. 1908, pp. 8ff., 58 ff. See Indian Literature, p. 21 fn. 3.

15.     D. ii. 42. cf. DHP. 185.

16.   Rhys Davids, Buddhism (American Lectures), p. 62.

17.     M. i, 133; Milindapanha, 345 etc. According to records of Mahayana Buddhism, there are twelve Angas, Manual of Indian Buddhism, p. 7.

18.   Childers, Dictionary of Pali Language, under there words.

19.   Buddhist India, pp. 121-2.

20.     A History of Pali Literature, Vol. i. p. l.

21.   ibid., p. 42.

22.   Milindapanha, (Trenckner Ed.), pp. 13, 190, 21 13; A History of Pali Literature, p. 12.

23.     A History of Pali Literature, p. 12.

24.   DA. iii. 117, 220    25.   MA. ii. 243. 

CHAPTER II 

Jaina Philosophy 

1. Ghosal, S. C., Pancastikaya, intro. p. xxix.

2.   Utpadavyayadhrauyayuktam sat, TSu. 5. 30.

3. PK. 10.    4.   ibid. 13.

5. ibid. 8.    6.   ibid. 10-11.

7. DS. 23.    8.   ibid. 25.

11.   DS. 24-48.

12.   ix. 113. 9. ll; x. 14. 3-10; A History of Indian Literature, p. 2.

13.   xviii. 2. 27.

14.   vi. 2. 2. 27; 6. 3. l; xi. 7. 2. 23; A History of India Logic, p. 2-3.

15.   BUp. iv. 4. 19; cf KUp. ii. 4. 10-11.

16.     1. 1. 20; 1. 2. 18-19; 1. 2. 22; History of Indian Literanture, p. 3.

17.   Agamasastra, 111.

18.   Sankhya Bhosya, Brahmasvtra, ll. 1. 9.; Studies in Jaina Philosophy, p. 125.

19.   Studies in Jaina Philosophy, p. 125-8.

20.   Sankhya Karika, 62.

21.   Nyayasutrabhasya and Vratti, l. l. 10; Prasastapadabhasya, p. 643-44. studies in Jain Philosophy.

22.   Milinadapanha, pt. 1.    23.   TSu. 1. 4; 1. 2.

24.   Samayasara, 38.   25.   ibid. 49.

26.   DS. 2.    27.   TSu. 5. 23.

28.   ibid. 5. 24-25.    29.   PK. 15.

30.   ibid. 77.    31.   TSu. 6.2.

32.   ibid. 10. 2.    33.   SS. p. l.

34.     PK 90-96.    35.   DS., 19-20.

36.   PK., 107-108., Ds. 21.

37.   Atthi kho vo Nigantha, pubbe papakammam katam tam imaya katukaya dukkarakarikaya nijjiretha; yam panettha etarahi kayena samvuta, vacaya samvuta, manasa samvuta, tam ayatim papassa kammassa akaranam; iti puranam kammanam tapasa vyantibhava, navanam kammanam akarana, ayatim anavassava kammakkhaya, kammakkhya dukkhakkhayo, dukkhakkhyaya vedanakkhayo, vedanakkhaya sabbam dukkham nijjinnam bhavissati `ti. Tam ca panamha-kam ruccati ceva khamati ca. tena camham, attamana' ti, M. i. 93; cf. M. ii. 31; N. ii. 214; FF; also see A. i. 220.

38.     D. i. 31-39.    39.   ibid. i. 32.

40.   ibid. i. 31-39.   41.   ibid. i. 32.

42.   Udana, p. 67.   43.  D. i. 187; M. i. 431;

44.   Cf. D. i. 195; S. ii. 60.    Dharma Sangraha, 137.

45.   DS. 2.

46.   Arupa-samapatti-nimittam pana atta ti samapatti-sannan c' assa sanni gahetva va Nigantho-adayo pannapeti, viya takkamatten eva va, arupi atta sanni ti nam, Sumangala Vilasini. p. 110.

47.     D. i.186-7.; iii. 137.

48.   The Place of buddhism in Indian Thought, Journal of Vidyodaya University of Ceylon, Vol. i. No. l. , p. 25.

49.   Bhaskarabhasya; Baudhadarsana tatha anya Bharatiya-darsana, p. 824; Cf. Sandakasutta of Majjhimanikaya.

50.   Vijnaptimatratasiddhi, p. 7.

51.   Catuhsataka, 10-10.

52.   TSu. 5. 16; DS. 10.

53.   digambarasta eva prahuh. cillaksana evatma sa ca dravvarupena sarvavasthas vabhinnatvat anugamatmakah, paryayarupena tu pratyavastham bhinnatvat vyavrtyatmakah etacca pratyaksatah eva siddhama-tmano dvairupyamiti na pramanantaratah prasadhyam. TSP p. 118, Ka. 311.

54.   TS. 313-315.    55.   ibid. 325.

56.   HBT. p. 98-104.    57.   TS. 312.

58.   ibid. 316-18.    59.   327.

60.   Dravyaparyayarupatvat dvairupyam vastunah khalu. Tayoreka tmakatve'pi bhedah sanjnadibhedatah. Indriyajnananirbhasi vasturupam hi gocarah. Sabdanam naiva, tat kena sanjnabheded vibhinnata.

61.   Tao danda pannatta, tam jaha-manadande, vayadande, kayadande., Samavayanga, 3.1.

62.   seyyathidam-kayadandam, vacidandam, manodandam ti. imesam kho, avuso Gotamo, tinnam dandanam evam pativibhattanam evam pativisitthanam kayadandam Nigantho Nataputto mahasavajjataram pannapeti papassa kammassa kiriyaya papassa kammassa pavattiya, no tatha vacidandam, no tatha manodandam `ti., M., i. 372. FF.

63.   Bhava rahino sijjhai jai vi tavam carai koikodio. Jammam tarai bahuso lambiya hattho galiyayattho.

64.   PSU., 51.

65.   aham hi siha, a kiriyam vadami kayaduccaritassa vaciduccaritassa manoduccaritassa; anekavihitanam papakamanam akusalanam dhammanam akiriyam vadami......kusalanam dhammanam kiriyam vadami. A., iv 182 f. tran. by Thomas. The Life of the Buddha, p. 207.

66.   Lavayasankinah Lokayatikah Sakyadayasca. Tesam atmaiva nasti kutastatkriya tajjanito va karmavandha iti.........asthitanam kutah iti Akriyavaditvam. 12. 4. v. p. 218.

67.   Law, B. C., Some Jaina Canonical Sutras,: p. 189.

68.   SBE., xiv. p. xxv. quoted in the Heart of Jainism, p. 90. Jacobi is also of such opinion, SBE., Xiv., P. 316, Fn. 3. Attana jo janati jo ya logam gaim ca jo jamai nagaim ca. Jo sasayam jana asasayam ca jatim ca maranam ca janovavayam. Aho'vi sattana viutthanam ca jo asavam janati samvaram ca. Dukkham ca jo janati nijjaram ca so bhasiumarihai kiriyavadam. SuKr. l. 12. 20-21. kriyavada is of 180 types and Akriyavada 84, ibid, l. ll. 119-121.

69.     M. i 93; ii. 31; 214 f.; A. i.  220.

70.   Jataka Stories, v. pp. 116. Compare to the story of four councillors in the Uttarapurana of Gunabhadra where the Karma has been accepted as a main cause for having birth in a high or low class. 46. 112-118.

71.   Savve puvvanibaddha du paccaya santi sammaditthassa. Uvaogappaogam bandhante kammabhavena. Samayasara, 173.

72.   Jataka Stories, V. p. 118; Jataka (Nagari), Vol. ii. v. 145-7. p. 53.

73.     M. ii. 31, 214 f; M. i. 93; Cf. A. i. 220.

74.   DS. 9.    75.   SKr. l. 12. 5. v. p. 215.

76.     A. i. 174.

77.   Tena ayasmanto panatipatino bhavissanti pubbekatahetu, adinnadayino musavadino abrhmacarino...pisun avaca...pubbekatam kho pana, bhikkhave, sarato pacchagacchatam na hoti chando va vayamo idam va karniyam idam ca akaraniyam ti. iti karaniyakaraniye kho pana saccato thetato anupalabbhiyamane mutthassatinam anarakhanam vihartam na hoti paccattam sahadhammiko samanavado......ibid., i. 174 f.

78.   Samayasara, 173.

79.     M. ii. 214.

80.     A. iii. 383 f. cp. DA. i. 162; S. iii. 210.; D. iii. 250 F.

81.   SS. 2. 6.    82.  4. 7.    83.  A. iii., 196 f.

84.   AA., ii. 559 says he was the Buddha's uncle (culapita) and a Sakyan raja. DPPN., S. V. Vappa.

85.   Gradual Sayings, Pt. ii., P. 207.

86.   (Kayena samvuta; vacaya samvuta, manasa samvuta tam ayatim papassa kammassa akaranam iti puranam kammanam tapasa vyantibhava.....).

87.     A. iii. 276-7.    88.  D. i. 57.

89.     M. ii., 214.    90.   A., iii. 276-7.

91.     M. i. 93.    92.   PK. 157-8.

93.     D. i. 23 FF.    94.   Sumangala Vil., i. 115.

95.   Ts., 112-2.    96.   TsP., P. 66.

97.   SuKr., 1. 2. 12. Vratti.

98.   Tulyam rupam yada grahyamatulyam naiva grahyat... Anunam dvyarupatve tada kim nopapadyate. Tatsamanyavisesatmarupatvatsarvavastunah. Tulyatulyas-varupatvadvirupa anavah smrtah. Samanam tatra yadrupam tadaksajnanagocaram. Ekakarmatojnana-manusvevopapadyate. Asmanam tu yadrupam yogipra-tyaksmisyate. Iti durmataya kecit kalpayanti samakulam__TS. 1980-83.

99.   NKC., p. 134; NVV., pt. l. p. 344; SVT., pt. pt 1. p. 158; PKM., yt. i. p. 25.

100.   Due hi rupe katham nama yukte ekasya vastunah.

Dve tada vastuni prapte aparaspararupatah.

Parasparatmatayamtu tadvairupyam viruddhate.

101.   See, chapter. v. of the book.

102.   TS., 2310.

103.   PV., 3. 296-7.

104.   NKC., p. 565; LT., 26-29; 64-65.

105.   PK., 80.

106.   ibid., 81.    107.   ibide., 86.

108.   Iv. 5. 24.    109.   Atthsalini, 1, 3. 16.

110.   TSP., p. 605, 2133-84. Cf. PK., 97 ff; DS., 19 ff.

111.   TS., 2567.    112.   ibid. 2548.

113.   Abhidharmakosa, 1.5.

114.   Atthasalini 160; Diologues of the Buddha, pt. i. p. 36. fn. 2. akasante' smin dravyani svayam va kasata ityakasam. Jivadini dravyani svaih paryayaih avyatirekena yasminnakasante. prakasante tadakasam svayam catmiyaparyayamaryadays akasata ityakasam. Avakasadanadva. 22. athava itaresam dravyanam avakasadanadakasamiti prsodaradisu nipatitah sabdah. Kundakunda defines akasa :-

Savvesim Jivanam sesanam tahaya puggalanam ca.

Jam dedi vivaramakhilam tam loe havadi ayasam.

115.   Iv., 5. 1., 21-22.

116.   Akasasyavagahah, TSu. V. 18. akasasya......savaya vatvam ghatadir ivopapannam savayavamakasam himavat-vindhyavaruddhavibhinnadesattvat,

117.   TBV., p. 641; Jaina Theory of Reality and Knowledge, p. 277. CF. PKM., p. 563; NKC., 245. 

CHAPTER III 

Jaina Ethics 

1. Himsa' nrtasteyabrahmaparigrahebhyo viratirvratam, TSu., 7. 1.

2. ibid.; 7. 4-8.

3.   Maitripromodakaruntamadhysthani ca sattvagunad-dhikaklisyamana' vinayesu, TSu., 7. 11.

4.   Thananga, 4.1 (tika). Udakapedalaputta (Sutrakrtanga, 7th Addhyana), Kalasavesiyaputta (Vyahapannati, 1st sataka), ect. are referred to in the Jaina Agamas who renounced Caturyamadharma of Parsvanatha and accepted the Pancamahavratas of Mahavira.

5.   Asibandhakaputto Gamani Nigantha-savado yena Bhagava tena upasankami......tam ca bhagava uvaca-Ko nu kho Gamani Nigantho-Nataputto savakanam dhammam deseti ti ? (Gamani uvaca)-evam kho bhante Nigantho Nataputto savakanam dhammam deseti-yo koci panam atipateti sabbo so apayiko nerayiko, yo koci adinnam adiyati sabbo so apayiko nepayiko, yo koci kamesu miccha carati sabbo so apayiko nerayiko, yo koci musa bhanati sabbo so apayiko nerayiko. yam bahulam yam bahulam viharati tena tenniyati, `ti.-S., iv. 317.

6. Pancahi bhikhave, dhammehi samannagato Nigantho ...devadhammiko yathabhatam nikhatte evam niraye. katamehi pancamehi ? panatipati hoti, adinnadayi hoti, abrahamacari hoti, musavadi hoti, suramera-ymajjapamadatthayi hoti. A. iii. 276-7.

7.   Krtakaritanumatairvakkayamanobhirisvate.

Autsargiki nivrttirvicitrarupapavadiki tvesa.

PSU. 76.

8. ime kho avuso Gotama, tinnam dandanam evam pativibhattanam evam pativisitthanam kayadanadam Nigantho Nataputto mahasavjjataram pannapeti papassa kammassa kiriyaya papassa kammassa pavattiya, no tatha vacidandam, no tatha manodandam ti. M. i. 372.

9. The danda is synonyamous with "duccarita" which means wrong behaviour in body, speech, and thought, and which afficts injures and brings to trouble and distress. SnA..63. ND. ii. 293, quoted by Horner in the Middle Length Sayings, ii. p. fn. 3.

10.   tam kim mannasi gahapati, idhassa Nigantho aba. dhiko duhito balahagilano sitodakapatikkhitto unho-dakapatisevi. so sitodakam alabhamano kalankar eyya. imassa pana, gahapati, Nigantho Nataputto kathupapattim pannapetti `ti......asancetanikam, bhante, Nigantho Nataputto no mahasavajjam pannapeti......, M. i. 377.

11.   PSU. 45-47.

12.   Himsayamaviramanam himsoparinamanamapi bhavati himsa.

Tasmat pramattayoge pranavyaparopanam nityam.

Suksmapi na khalu himsa paravastunibandbanam bhavati pumsah.

Himsayatananivrttih parinamavisuddhaye tadapi karya; PSU., 48-49.

13.   Pahuda.

14.   tena kho pana samayena sambahulam Nigantha Vesaliyam rathikaya rathikam...baha paggayha kandanti-ajja Sihena Senapatina thulam pasum badhitva Samanassa Gotamassa bhattam katam, tam Samano Gotamo janam uddissa katam mansam paribhunjati paticcakammam' ti. Mahavagga (Vinaya Pitaka), 237.

15.   M., i, 368 f : DPPN., s. v. Jivaka Sutta.

16.   DPPN., s. v. Devadatta.

17.     Na vina pranivighatanmamsasyotpattirisyate yasmat.

Mamsam bhajatastasmatprasaratyanivarita himsa.

Yadapi kila bhavati mamsam svayameva mrtasya mahisavrsabhadeh.

Tatrapi bhavati himsa tadasritanigodanirmathanat.

Amasvapi pakvasvapi vipacyamanasu mamsapesisu.

Satatyenotpadastajjatinam nigodanam.

Amam va pakvam va khadati yah sprsati va pisitapesim.

Sa nihanti satatatanicitam pindam bahujivakotinam.

PSu. 65-68.

18.   Madyam mamsam ksaudram pancodumbaraphalani yatnena.

Himsavyuparatikamairmoktavyani prathamameva. 61.

Yonirudumbarayugmam plaksanyagrodhappalaphalani.

Trasajivanam tasmattesam tadbhaksane himsa. ibid. 72.

19.   Atthi, Visakha, Nigantha nama Samanajatika. Te savakam evam samadapenti_ehi tvam ambho puriso, ye puratthimaya disaya pana param yojanasatam tesu dandam nikkhipahi, ye pacchimaya;. ye uttar-aya.........ye dakkhinaya......`ti. Iti ekaccanam pananam anud dayaya anukampaya samadapenti. -- A., i. 206.

20.   Digpracyadih tatra prasiddhairabhijnanairavadhim krtva niyamanam digvratih., SS., p. 176: also see TV., p. 547.

21.   PSU., 138.

22.   Sd., 5 3-4.

23.   Jaina Sutras, Uttaradhyayana, p. 414, v. 26. ff.

24.   Jaina Sutras, Pt. 11. SBE, Vol. 45., intro. xviii.

25.     D. iii. 9. F.

26.   Basham, A. C. History and doctrines of the Ajivikas, p. 104.

27.   SU., 141. also see, SD., 5. 12.

28.     M. i. 372 FF.

29.   Culadukkhandha Sutta,

30.     A. i, 206.    31.  A. i. 207    32.   ibid.

33.   Katyayana Srautasutra, 4. 15. 35.

34.   SD., 5. 34-35. cf. Bhagawati Sataka, 12. 1.

35.   Bhagawati Sataka, 8.5.

36.   Jain Sutras, SBE., Vol. 45., intro. P. xviii.

37.     S. D., 7.7.

In a Commentary on the Ratnakarandasravakacara, Acarya Prabhacandra also referred to this rule :- see, Bhagwana Mahavira aura Mahatma Buddha p. 207.

38.   A., iii. 277.

39.   Nigantha ekasataka ti vadati, Lohitabhijata nama, ibid., iii. 383 f. cf. Sumangala Vitasini. i. 162.

40.   Lati Samhita, 55.    41.  D. i. 166 cf. M. i. 77.

42.   Pravacanasara, 3. 15. According to A. N. Upadhye, this is this is the interpolated verse.

43.   Thanaga, p. 164. Cf. Mahavagga (N. H. Bhagavata's ed). pp. 108-109.

44.   Mulacara, 4. 155.

45.   ibid., 10.92.   46.   Brhatkalpakathabhasya, 2780.

47.   ibid. 492-93.   48.   Mulacara. comm. Val.i p. 133;

49.   Paiyasadda Mahannava, p. 358 :

50.   TSu., 9.22.    51.   Mulacara, 5. 107-109.

52.   ibid. 10. 17-18.   53.   Samavayauga, 27-1.

54.   See, Mulacara and Anagaradhrmamrta.

55.   ibid., Pindasuddhyadhikara.

56.   Pancaya mahavvayaem samidio panca jinavaruddittha.

Pancevindiyaroha chappi ya avasaya loco.

Accelakamanhanam khidisayanamadantahamsanam ceva.

Thiddibhoyaneyabhattam mulaguna atthavisa du. Mulacara, 1. 2-3.

57.     D. i. 49.

58.   Dasvaikalika, cu., 2.9 : Deo, S. V; History of Jaina Monachism., p. 145. f.

59.   Tsu. 6. 24.    60.  D. i. 49.

61.   Brhatakalpakathabhasya, vrtti on 2780, Vol. iii.

62.   ibid. Vrtti, on 1443, Vol. ii.

63.   Piyadhammo dadhadhammo samviggo'vajjabhiru parisuddho.

Sangahanuggakusalo sadadam sarakkhanajutto.

Gambhiro duddhariso midavadi appakoduhallo ya.

Cirapavvaido gihidattho ajjanam ganadharo hodi. --Mulacara, 4.183.-4.

64.   Tena kho pana samayena chabbaggiya bhikkhu vassam upggantva antaravassam carikam caranti. manussa tatheva njjhayanti khipyanti vipacenti-"katham hi nama samana sakyaputttya hemantam pi gimham pi vassam carikam carissanti, haritani tinani samma-ddanta, ekindriyam j vam vihethenta, bahu khuddake pane angnghetam apadenta. Ime hi nama annstitthiya durakkl atadhamma vassavasam alliyissanti sankasayisenanti...V, i. 137 F.

65.   Mulacara, 3. 35-36.

66.   ibid., 10. 18.

67.   V., i. 138.    68.  p. 308 b.

69.   Accellakam loco vosattasarirada ya padilihanam

Eso hu lingakappo caduvvidho hodi nayabbo.--Mulicara, 10-17

70.   MA., 1. 423; DPPN., sv. Nigantha; Dictionary of Chinese Buddhist Terms, p. 428.

71.   Pravacanasara, 3. 3-5, 21; Jain, C. R., Sanyasadharam, pp. 45-46; Deo, s. v; History of Jaina monachism p. 341.

72.   Vikare vidusam dueso navikaranuvartane.

Tannagrative pi sagotthe no Nama-dusesa-kalmasah.

-upasakadhyayana., 131. p. 35.

73.   Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, p. 175. Also see Barua, B. M; A History of Pre-Buddhistic Indian Philosophy,  p. 297. Basham. A. C.; History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, pp. 96, 107.

74.     V. v. 19-21, 39-40.

75.   DhpA., Vol. l. pt. 11., 309.    76.   ibid. iii. 489.

77.   DhPA., Vol. l. pt. ii. pp. 400; Buddhist Legend, Vol. 29. p. 70 ff.

78.   Buddhist Legend, Vol. 29. pp. 74.

79.     D. i. 166.    80.  M. i. 77.

81.   ibid. i. 238.

82.   Uggama uppadana esanam ca samjojanam pamanam ca.

Ingaladhuma karana atthaviha pindasuddhi du. Mulacara, 6.2.

83.   Jacobi, uttaradhyyana, intro. p. xxxi.

84.   Vrahatkalpabhasya. Vol. l. 532 ff.; Jitkalpa, 35., Bhasya, 1087-1719.

85.   Desatti ya savvatti ya duvinam puna abhihadam viyanahi.

Acinnamanacinnam desavihadam have duviham. --Mulacara. 6. 19.

86.   Pindaniryukti, 219-242.

87.   Javadiyam uddeso pasandotti ya have samuddeso. Samanotti ya adeso nigganthotti ya have samadeso. Mulacara, 6. 7; Acaranga, ll. 1.6.8. (p. 104). Dasavai. 5.1.55.

88.   Cf. Pindaniryukti, 271-77; 279-84.

89.   Mulacara, 6. 10. 11; also see, Dsv., 5. i. 31.

90.   Cf. Pindaniryukti, 285-91; 303-15.

91.   Mulacara, 6. 15, 17.    92.   ibid. 6. 20.

93.   Dasvai. 5. 40-41.    94.   ibid. 5. 42-3.

95.   Mulacara, 6.50, 52; also see, Dasavaikalika, 5. i. 43. 5-46.

96.   Asanam jadi va panam khajjam bhojam ca lijja pejjam va. Padilehiuna suddham bhunjati panipattesu. Mulacara, 9. 54; 1. 34.

97.   Upasakadhyyana, 133-4. p. 35.

98.   Addhamasanassa savvim janassa udarassa tadiyamudayena. Vau samcaranattham cautthamavasesaye bhikkhu. --Mulacara, 6. 72; also see, ibid, 5. 153.

99.   See, for detail, History of Jaina Monachism, p. 196. f.

100.   Avasyaka Nirukti, 766 ff. Pinda Niryukti, 427.

101.   See, Deo, s. v. History of Jaina Moncism, p. 298, Pinda., Ni, 494-99.

102.   Nisiha Curni, 4. p. 375. Brhat Kalpakatha Bhasya,, Vol. III. 2681.

103.   JA., Vol. 13. No. 2. p. 2.

104.   ibid., Vol. 12-13, No. 2, p. 2, 68. Such magical practices can also be seen in teh Agamas. See, History of Jaina Monachism, p. 420.

105.   Book of Discipline, Vol. 5. p. 151.

106.    D. i. p. 57; M., i. 377.

107.   Yogasastra, 2.30

108.   Jaina Sntras, introduction.

109.   Rockhill, the life of the Buddha, p. 99 f. History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, Basham, A. C.; p. 21. f.

110.   History and Doctrines of the Ajivikas, p. 23.

111.   Bahirdha-maithunam parigrahavisesah adanam ca parigrahah tayordvandvaikatvamathava adiyat ityadinam parigrahyam vastutacca dharmopakaranamapi bhavatityat aha, bahistat dharmopakaranad bahiryaditi, iha ca maithunam parigrahe `ntarbhavati, Thananga, 4. 1. Tika.

112.   Abhayarajakumarasutta.

113.   Dharmartham putrakamasya svadaresvadhikatinah. Rtukale vidhanena dosastatra na vidyate. Sukr. 3. 4. 9-13, V. p. 98. At the same place, it is said-Sadanusthanat parsve tisthantiti parsvasthah (Pasattha), svayuthya va parsvasthavasannakusiladayah striparisahaparajitah. te vadanti--

Priyadarsanamevastu, kimanyairdarsanantaraih.

Prapyate yena nirvanam, saragenapi cetasa.

--ibid., 3. 4. 9. V. p. 98;

114.   Sukr, V. 102, p. 177; 102. Nir. vrtti.

115.   Pancamahavvaya pannatta-tam jaha-savvao pana-tipata sayvao veramanam, savvao musavayao veramanam, savvao adinnadanao veramanam, savvao mehunao veramanam, savvao pariggahao veramanam, Samavayanga, 5. 2.

116.   Abhayarajakumarasutta.

117.   Cf. pesunnahasakakkasaparanindappappasamsavi-kahadi.

Vajjita saparahiyam bhasasamidi have kahanam.

--Mulacara, 1. 12.

118.   Ekamidaham, Mahanama, samayam Rajagahe vihirami Gajjhakute pabbate, Tena kho pana samayena sambahula Nigantha Isigili.....asanapatikkhitta, opakkamika, dukkha tibba khara katuka vedana vedayanti.....M., i. 93; cf. M., oo. 31. 214 f/

119.   Mulacara, comm. pt. l. p. 491.

120.   Viyatiyacaukkamase loco ukkasamajjhimajahanno.

Sapadikkamane divase uvavaseneva kayavve. Mulacara, i. 20.

121.   M., i. 77.    122.   Mulacara, i. 36.    123.   M., i. 77.

124.   Manavacakayapautti bhikkhu savajjakajjasamjutta.

Khippam nivarayanto tihaim du gutto havadi eso.

--Mulacara, 5. 134

125.    M. i. 372 f.

126.   See for the place and nature of Meditation in Jainism, Studies in Jaina Philosophy by Tatiya. p. 261 f.

127.   TSu., 9. 28: Pare moksahetuh, ibid., 9. 29.

128.   Dhyana Sataka, 30-34. 

CHAPTER IV 

Jaina Epistemology 

1. Pratyaksa Pramana (Direct Knowledge) 

1. Ete vivada samanesu jata, Sn. 4. 8. 63.

2. Ye kecime Brahmana vadasila, ibid, 2. 14. 162.

3. Ye kecime Titthiya vadasila, Ajivika va yadi va Nigantha, ibid., 2. 14. 161.

4. ibid. 2. 14. 162.    5.   D. i. 16.

6. na takkika sujjhanti, Udana, 6. 10. 23.    7.   A. i. 189.

8. AA. ii. 305.    9.   Tatparoksam, TSu. 1. 10.

10.   Thanangasutra, 309-310; History of Indian Logic, p. 162. Caraka Samhita, 3. 8. 6. 25.

12.   Sn. 4. 8. 59, 60. 62; 411. 94.    13.   ibid. 4. 8. 60-1.

14.   ibid. ii. 76.    15.   Nyaya Sutra, 4. 2. 50-9

16.   Vadanyaya, p. 1.    17.   NV. 2. 384.

18.   Astasati Astasahasri, p. 87.

19.   Bhasappavadako, panditavado, sadhu samma to bahi-janassa, M. i. 227.

20.   ibid. 23. 4. f.    21.   ibid. 312.

22.     S. iv. 323 ff    23.   ibid i. 176; ii. 122.

24.     M. i. 393; S. iv. 323.    25.   NV. 2. 384.

26.     D. i. 162    27.  D. i. 163 ff.

28.     M. i. 403 ff.    29.   SV. 5, 2; TSV. 380.

30.   M., 11. 211; Jayatilleke, R. N. Early Buddhist theory of Knowledge, p. 171.

31.   Nigantho, abuso, Nataputto sabbannu sabbadassavi aparisesam jnanadassanam patijanati, cara to...sami-tam jnanadassanam paccupatthitam. M., i. 92-3' A., i. 220-221.

32.   Samyagdarsana jnanacaritrani moksamargah, TSu, 1. 1

33.   TSu. 1. 4.    34.  A. iV. 429.

35.   Cillaksana evatma, TSP. P. 118, Jivo upayogamao... DS. 2; T V. 2. 8.

36.   TV. 1. 6. Cf. Dhavala Tika, P, 149.    37.   Niyamasara, 60, 161-9.

38.   Dhavala, 1. 1. 4; ST. P. 2. 1.    39.  1. 1. 4.

40.   STP. 2. 1.    41.  S V T. intro. (Hindi), p. 40.

42.   SS. l. 15.    43.  S T P T. p. 458.

44.   PMu.6. 1.    45.   Pramananaya Tattvaloka, 6. 25.

46.   Samam janadi passadi viharaditti, Prakrti Anuyoga; Janamane evam ca nam viharai, Acaranga Sutra.

47.   STP. 11; VBH. 3089-3135, Studies in Jaina Philosophy, p 75 ff.

48.   NS. 159;    49.   TSu. 2. 9:

50.   SS. 2. 9.    51.   Astasa, 101.

52.   Astasahasri.    53.   LT. l. 3, SVT. 1. 3, see intro. p. 97.

54.   Pramanamavisamvadi jnanamanadhi...Astasati-Astasahasri, p. 175.

55.   Jam pardo Vinnanam tam tu parokkhati bhanidama-tthesu. Jam kevalenanadam havadi hu jivena paccakkham. PS., 58

56.   aksnoti vyapnoti janatityaksa atma, SS., P. 59; PMu., 6. 1

57.   Adyeparoksam, TSu, 1. 1l : Pratyaksamanyat. ibid., 1. 11

58.   LT. 4; ViBh. 95.    59.  1. 13.

60.   Pratyakasamanyat, 1. 12.    61.   NA. 1.

62.   Astasati Astasahasri, p. 175; Pramana Mimamsa.

63.   TSu 1. 15.    64.   Pravacanasata, 23.4;

65.   VSu. 3. 18. NSu. 1. 1. 4; SK. 5. SSu. 1. 89: Yogabhasya, 1. 7, JSu. 1. 1. 4; Carakasamhita, 11. 20; See, An Advanced Studies in Indian Logic and Metaphysics.

66.   YSu. 3. 54; SK. 64.    67.   Vsu. 9. 1; 13-15.

68.     N. B. 1. 11,    69.   Tanstravartika, p. 240.

70.   Ts. 1983.    71.   PSg.1.3; NP. p. 7; N B. 1.4.

72.   SV. 1. 39.    73.   PKM. 1. 3.

74.   TS. 1983.    75.   ibid.

76.   TSu. 2. 9.    77. Astasati Astasahsri, p. 275.

78.   Adye paroksam, Pratyaksamanyat, TSu. 1. ll. 12.

79.   Pratyaksam visadam jnanam mukyasamvyavaharatah.

Paroksam sesavijnanam pramane iti sangrahah.

80.   TS. 1214; PSg. p. 8.

81.   TSP. p. 394; NKC. p. 46. NVV. p. 13.

82.   TSP. p. 379, ka. 1265.    83.   ST. p. 457.

84.   TSu. 1. 15; LT. 6    85.   TSP. p. 379.

86.   Visayavisayisannipatasamanantaramadyam grahanamavagrahah, TV. 1. 15. l.

87.   TSP. p. 379.    88-89.   ibid. p. 389.

90.     1. 1. 4.

91.   NA. p. 43; Tatparyavrattitika, p. 145; NM. p. 100.

92.   PSg. 1. 37.    93.   TS. 1224.

94.   ibid. 1270.    95.   TS. 1274-6.

96.   Bhedo vaisistamuktam hi na visesanasangatih.

Bhinnamityapi tadvaca nanuviddham pratiyate, ibid., 1272.

97.   ibid. 1269.    98.   Astasati Astasahasri, p. 175.

99.   NV. 1. 158; Also see, SV. 1. 4; TSV. p. 185; LT. 1. 3.

100.   PKM. p. 8; NKC. p. 47.

101.   SVT. p. 13.

102.   Astasahasri, p. 75.    103.   TS. 1273.

104.   Viseatmatirekena naparam bhedalaksanam.

Tadrupasparsane tesu grahanam kathamucyate.

Tadrupasparsane capi bhedantaravibheditah.

Grahita iti vijnanam praptamesu vikalpakah. Ts. 1280-1

105.   Vibhanga. 323

106.   TS. 1981-83.

107.   SM. P. 111-2.; notes. p. 196.

108.   idid. notes. p. 195.

109.   Dve hi rupam katham nama yukte ekasya vastunah.

Adve tada vastuni prapte aparaspararupatah.

Parasparatatayam tu ta dyairupyam viruddhyate.

Visesascopalabhyeta caksuradibhirindriyaih. TS. 1984-5.

110.    Na camunyarthadusanani syadvadadinam vidyate, SM., p. 111.

111.   TSu. 1. 29; SThSu 71.    112.   TSu. 22.

113.   TSu. 1. 27.    114.   NSu. 16.

115.   TSu 1. 25.    116.   SS. 1. 24.

117.   TV. 1. 23.    118.   ViBH. 814.

119.   Niscayadvatrimsika, 17, quoted from Jnanavinduprakrana by Tatiya in Studies in Jaina Philosophy, p. 69, fn. 3. bhava jivadaya jivaguna cedana ya uvaogo. PKS. 16.

120.   Upaoge khalu duviho nanena ya dansnena samjutto. PKS. 40; DS. 4

121.   Appanam vinu nanam nanam vinu appago e sandoho. Tamhu saparapayasam nanam taha damasnam hodi. NS. 170.

122.   Bahyabhyantarehetudvayasannidhaneyathasambhava-mupala bdhuscaitanyanuvidhayi parinanah. TV. 2.B.

123.    Je egam janai te sabham Janai, je sebham janai te egam, janai, pravacanasara. Also sse, ASu. 1. 3. 4 : ViBh. 320.

124.   Jam takkaliyamidaram Janadi Jugavam samantado sabbam...PS. 1. 47-9.

125.   idha, sandhaka, okacco sattha sabbannu cabbadaesavi aparisosam nandassanam patijanati--carato ca me titthato ca suttassa ca jagrassa ca setatam samitam nanadassanam paccup atthitam ti. so ahuannampi agarampi pavisati, pindam pi na labhati, kukkuro pi dasati, candena pi hatthina samagacchati, candena pi assena samagacchati, candena pi gonena samagacchati, itthiya pi purisassa pi namam pi gottam pi pucchati, gamassa pi nigamassa pi namam pi maggam pi pucchati, `m. i. 529

126.   (ekamihaham mahanama samayam rajagahe viharami gijhakute pabbate. tena kho pana samayena Nigantha.. katuka vedana vedayanti...Nigantho Nataputto sabbannu sabbadassavi...kim pana tumhe. no hidam. evam sante avuso Nigantha, ye loke luddda lohitapanino kururakammanta manussesu paccajata te Niganthesu pabbajanti `ti).

127.    M. ii. 31; M. Sayings. ii. p. 228, i. 250.

128.   Buddhist Legend (Dhammapadatthakatha), Vol. 29. p. 74 ff.

129.    M. ii. 31, 214 ff; M. i. 92f; A. i. 220; A. iii 74; S. iv. 398.

130.   tasmadanustheyagatam jnanamasyavicaryatam. kitasankhyaparijnane tasya nah kvopayujyate. heyo-padeyatattvasya sabhyupayasya vedakah yah pramanamasaviste na tu sarvasya vedakah. duram pasyatu va ma va tattvamintnmtu pasya tu. pramanm duradursi Cedehi grdhranupasmahe. 2. 31-33.

131.   (tato'sya vitaragatve sarvarthajnanasambhavah. samahitasya sakalam cakastiti viniscitam. sarvesam vitaraganametat kasmanna vidyate. ragadikanayamatre hi tairyatnasya pravartanat. punah kalantare tesam sarvajnagunaraginam. alpayatnena sarvajnatvasiddhi-ravarita.--

132.   Bhagavati sutra, 9.32.    133.   Ps. 1. 47-49

134.   suksmantaritadurarthah pratyaksah kasyacidyatha. Anumeyatvato' gnyadiriti sarvajnasamsthitih. AM. 5.

135.   Jayadhavala tika.

136.   Dharmottara Pradipa, p. 245, 248.

137.   yadi suksme vyavahito va Vastuni Buddhiratyanta-parokse na syatkatham tarhi jyotirjnanavisamvadah ? jyotirjnanamapi hi sarvajnapravartitameva, etasma-davisamvada......

Aklankenapi :--

Dino jyotirjnanatsarvajatvasiddhih. Taduktam.

Dhiratyantaparokserthe na cetpumsam kutah punah.

Jyotirjnanavisamvadah srutatvaccetsadhanantaram. --SVT. p. 526;

quoted by Dharmottar in the Dharmottara Pradipa, p. 245, 248 : compare-NV. 414; Sastravartasamuccaya, 2. 3.

138.   Jnana syatisayat sidhyedvibhutvam parimanvat.

139.   ibid. 8. 3.    140.   ibid. 8. 10-14.

141.   ibid. 8. 12-18.    142.   SV. 8. 6.

143.    PV A. 4. 91.    144.   ibid. 8. 6-7.

145.   NV. 37-40.    146.   NVV. 50-52.

147.   See my article "The Conception of Omniscience in Buddhism" appeared in VSMP 1968. Also see the Appendix. III.

148.   Tattvavaisaradi, 1. 11.    149.   Anu. 160.

150.   PVM. 2. 5.    151.   SV. 3. 2.

152.   TS. 1298.    153.   PVM. 2. 5.

154.   Tatparyavrttitika, p. 21.; Kandali, p. 61; NM. 22, etc.

155.   Prakarana Panjika, p. 42-3; Vrhati Pa. p. 103; Sastradipika, p. 124.

156.   Hetubindutika.    157.   TSV. 1. 10. 78; PKM. p. 16.

158.   PM. p. 4-5.    159.   PMu. 3. 5.; Pramanapariksa, p. 60.

160.   SV. 227.

161.   Nyaya Vartika Tatparya Tika, d. 139.

162.   PV. 3. 502-7.    163.   LT. 10. 19. 21.

164.   PM. 3. 11; SVT. intro.

165.   Sabarabhasya, 9. 1. 1.

166.   TSu Bh. 1. 15.    167.   PV. p. 7.

168.   LT. 11.    169.   SV. 3. 8. 9; Lt. 12.

170.   Astasati Astasahasri, p. 236.

171.   NKC. pp.724.

172.   See in detail for this subject "The Advanced Studies in Indian Logic and Metaphysics" and SVT. introduction, etc.

173.   NVV. pt. 1l.. p. l.    174.   NV. 170.

175.   Sahakramabhavaniyamo `vinabhavah, PM. 3. 16.

176.   SV. 6. 16.    177.   NV. 21.

178.   PM. 3. 22.    179.   Nyayasutra, 1. 1. 32.

180.   SK. (Mathuravrtti), p. 5.

181.   Prakarana Panjika, p. 83-5.

182.   Nyaya Pravesa, pp. 1.    183.   Vadanyaya, p. 61.

184.   PV. 128.    185.   Sv. 6. 17;

186.   PMu. 33-40.

187.   Cetanastaravah iti sadhye sarvatvagapaharane maranam prativadyasiddham vijnanenadvatiyayurnirodhala-ksanasya maranasyanenabhyupagamat, tasya ca taru-svasambhavat; NB., 59.

188.   Digambarastu sadhyena vyaptamavyaptam va maranam......p. 190-1.

189.   Candratvenapadistannacandrah sasalanchanah.

Iti dvilaksano heturayam capara ucyate. etc. TS., 1372-1379.

190.   TSP. 1375.    191.   Advanced Studies in Indian Logic and Metapaysics, p. 86.

192.   PMu. 3. 37-40.    193.   Pramana Mimamsa.

194.   RVS. p. 548.    195.   TS. 1395.

196.   ibid. 1397.    197.   ibid. 1398-1429.

198.   Nyayavatara Vartika Vrtti, Prastavana, p. 76-8.

199.   Prasastapadabhasya, p. 200, Vaisesikasutra, p. 203.

200.    SK (Matharavrtti), 5.    201.   NP. 1; NB. 2-5; H B. P. 4; PS. 1362.

202.   Tatparyatika, 1. 1. 5; NM. p. 110.    203.   SV. 6. 2.

204.   Dharmottar-pradipa, p. 35

205.   Patrasvamimatamasankate : --

Anyatha' nupapannatve nanudrasta scahetuta.

Nasati tryamsakasyapi tasmatklibastrilaksanah.

Anya thanupapannatvam yasyasau heturisyate.

Ekalaksanakah so rthasheturlaksanako na va.

206.   Tena tadvisayatrilaksanakaderthanam uttarabhasyam yatah krtam, SVT. p. 371.

207.   Mahima sa Patrakesariguroh param bhavati yasya bhaktyasit. Padmavatisahaya trilaksanakadarthanam kartum.

--Jaina Silalekha Sangrah, Pra. Le. 54.

208.   TS. 1364-5.    209.   ibid. 1370.

210.   TSP. p. 406, Ka. 1371.    211.   TS. 1380-1.

212.   ibid. 1386-8.    213.   ibid. 1389.

214.   ibid. 1395-1429.    215.   ibid. 1416.

216.   NKC. p. 440; SVT. 6. 16.    217. H B T A. p. 290.

218.   HBT. p. 37.    219.   Astasahasri, p. 3. 

CHAPTER V 

Anekantavada 

1. The Theory Of Anekantavada 

1. This classification excludes the less important conceptions such as hetuvada, ahetuvada, bhavavada, abhavavada, daitavada purusarthavada, and so on. See in detail, Darsana aura cintana and Jaina theory of reality and knowledge.

2.   Utpadavyayadhrauvyayuktam sat, Tsu 5. 30, Gunapa-rayayavaddravyam, TSu, 5. 38.

Kumarilabhatta also maintains the nature of reality to be of three-fold character. His view is almost identical with that of Jaina philosophy (see Sloka-vartika Karika, 21-22. But the difference between the views of Kumarila and Jainas is that the former adheres to a "middle position" (madhyasthata) between the two extremes of the bheda (anya) and the abheda (ananya), each of which (ekantikam) is characterised as fallacious (mrsa), while the latter recognizes them to a certain extent as right and not fallacious. Whitehead (PrR. p. 318), Frauwallner and Kant (The Philosophy of Kant Explained, by John Watson, Glasgow, 1908, p. 199) are also of about the same view. Hegel, (Hegel's science of Logic, tr. by W. H. Johnson and L. G. Strutheres 1929, London, Vol. 1. p. 195), Bradley (Principles of Logic, by F. H. Bradley, Oxford, 1940, Vol. 11. p. 487), Bosanquet (The essentials of Logic, by B. Bosanquent, London, 1903, p. 134) too are of the close views to the Jaina view of reality. See in detail, Jaina theories of reality and knowledge, pp. 131.

3. See, Jaina Theories of Reality and Knowledge, pp. 258.

4. Atho khalu davvamao davvani gunappagani bhanidani. PS., 119

5.   Pravacanasara, Jayasena's commentary, p. 121.

6. STP. 2. 9-14; TV. pt. I, p. 428.    7.   TV. 5. 37, 2-4.

8. NKC. p. 363.

9. Avuso tvam mama accayena Sassatam ti, ganhapesi. Evam dve pi jane eka laddhike akatva bahu-nana-niharena ugganhapetva kalam akasi. Te tassa sarira-kiccam katva sannipatita annahi annam pucchimsu-"kass' avuso acariyo saram acikkhi ?" ti "Sassatam" ti. Aparo tam patibahetva "Mahyam saram acikkhi ti" aha. Evam sabbe : Mahyam saram acikkhi,..... Da., ii. 906-7. MA., ii. 831.

10.   A., ii. 46; Millinda Panha, iv. 2. 5. Also see, A., i. 197.

11. M., ii. 46.

12.   Vibhajjavayam ca vyagarejee, Sutrakrtanga, 1. 14. 22.

13.   Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, p. 292.

14.     D. i. 191.    15.   HBT. p. 284.

16. PVS. p. 333; HBT. p. 369.

17.     na samanyatmanodeti na vyetivyaktamanvayat..... -AM., 59-61. quoted in PVST., by karnakagomin, p. 333; Durvekamisra quotes one more karika in the Hetubindutikaloka p. 371.

Na nasena vina soko notpadena vina dhrtih.

Sthitya vina na madhyasthyam tasmat vastu trayatmakam.

18.   pravacanasara, 17-18.

19.   Lt., 30; PM., p. 24.

20.   Dravyasabdena dravati paryayena gacchati ti p. 337.

21.   Tattvasangrah, Atmapariksa.

22.   HBT. p: 28.

23.   Prameyaratnmala, p. 4, also see, the VIIIth chapter of the Tattvasangraha).

24.   See, TS., 350-546. Also see, HBT., p. 213. The Syadvada-Manjari (p. 19) refers to a stanza in this respect : Yo yatraiva sa tatraiva yo yadaiva tadaiva sah. Na desakalayorvyaptirbhavanamiha vidyate.

25.   Purvam nasvaracchaktatkaryam kinnavinasvarat.

Karyotpattiviruddhyeta na vai karanasattataya.

Yad yada karyamutipitsu tattadottpadanatmakam.

Karanam karyabhedena na bhinnam ksanikam yatha.

--SV., 3 11-12. Also see, NKC., p. 379. etc. Jaina Theories and reality of knowledge.

26.   HBTA. p. 373. 4

27.   Tanna tavadaksaniko bhavah karyam kartum saknoti, tasya kramayaugapadyabhyamarthakriyavirodhat napi ksaniko bhavah karyam prabhavati. tathahi kim ksaniko bhavah svasattakale karyakaranasvabhave' thanyada. yadi prathamavikalpastada tadaiva kuryat. svasattaksane ca karyakrtausaivam jagadekalaksanavarti prapnoti. tathahi karanam svasattaksana eva yat karyamakrta tadapyanyasya karanamiti tadapi tadaiva svakaryam kuryat.....ibid. p. 374.

28.   Tarhi karyamapi tadaivotpadyeta'nyada tatkalam. parihrtya karyotapattirvirudhyeta.....ibid.

29.   ibid. p. 374.    30.   TS., intro. p. 1.

31.   Uttaradhyayana, 20-15; 23. 28; 26. 9; 28. 16; 28. 19. Bhagavatisutra, 73. 209; Dasvaikalikasutra, 4, etc.

32.   TS. 352.    33. ibid. 336-349.

34.   Jaina Theory of Reality of Knowledge. p. 173.

35.   Nanvanekatmakam vastu yatha mecakratnavat.

Prakrtyaiva sadadinam ko virodhastatha sati.

-TS., 1709.

36.   Tasu tasu hyavasthasu sa evayam nara iti anuvrtti-pratyayahetor naratvajaterurdhvatasamanyasabdabh-ilApyastasu cavasthasu...... HBTA. p. 343. CF. Para-paravivartavyapi dravyam urdhvata mrdiva sthasadisu, PM. 4.5 ekasmin dravye kramabhavinah parinamaih paryayah atmani harsavisadivat, PM. 4. 8. HBTA, p. 343; PM., 4.5.

37.   Tiryaksamanyavyavrttipratyayaheto.....

HBTA., p. 343. Cf.

Sadrasaparinamastiryak khandamundadisu gotvavat. PM., 4. 4.

38.   PM., 4. 9.

39.   PVST. p. 333; HBTA. p. 369. etc.

40.   HBT. p. 98.

41.   Desakalasvabhavanamabhedadekatocyate.........

Sankhyalaksanasanjnarthabhedat bhedastu varnyate.

Rupadayo ghatascetai sankhyasamjna vibhedita.

Karyanuvrttivyavrtti laksanarthavibhedita.

Dravyaparyayayorevam naikantena `visesavat.

dravyam paryayarupena visesam yati cet svayam.

--TS., 313-315; also see, HBT., pp. 98.

42.   kincidvivaksitam vastughatadi,......

yadi ghatadirbhavah patadina bhavantarenatulyah syat-tato yadi vyavrttah syat, tada khapuspanna tasya visesah syat, sarvatha vastvantaradvyavrttavat, na ca vastvantaradvyavrttasyanyagatih sambhavati, kha-puspatam muktva. tasmattasya vastunah khapuspat-ulyatvamabhyupagacchata bhavantaratulyatvam va-stutvam nama samanyamabhyupagantavyamiti sidd-him samanyatmakam     --TSP., p. 487.

43.   TSP. P. 487.    44.   TS. 1712-13.

45.   ibid. 1714-16.    46.   ibid 1718-19.

47.   ibid. 1720-21.    48.   Tarkabhasa, pt. T. p. 5

49.   PV., 3. 237.

50.   Partantrayam hi sambandhah siddhe ka paratantrata.

Tasmat sarvasya bhavasy sambandho nasti tattvatah.

--quoted in TV., p. 146, NKC. 305.

51.   Rupasleso hi sambandhah dvitve sa ca katham bhavet.

Tasmat prakrtibhinnanam sambandho nasti tattvatah.

--quoted in the TSV., p. 148. cf. NKC., p. 306; PKM., p. 149.

52.   Jaina Thories of Reality and Knowledge. p. 232. f.

53.   Dravyaksetrakalabhavakrta hi pratyasattih ekatva-parinatisvabhava paratantryaparinama sambandho' rthanamabhipreto Jainaih...rupasleso hi. NKC., p. 307.

54.   NKC., p. 369; Jaina Theories of reality and knowledge, p. 283. 

2. The Theory of Nayavada 

55.   Nayo jnatirabhiparayah, LT., 55. Anirakrtapratipakso vastvamsagrahi jnaturabhiprayo nayah. PKM. p. 676.

56.   Sadeva sat syat saditi tridhartho,

miyet durnitinayapramanaih, SM., 28.

57.   See. TV. 1. 33; Epitom of Jainism.

58.     A. ii. 191-3.

59.   Nayena neti, S. ii. 58; anayena nayati dummedho, J. iv. 241.

60.   Nayam nayati medhavi, J. iv. 241.

61.   Dve satye samupasritya buddhanam dharmadesana.

Lokasamvrtisatyam ca satyam paramarthatah.

--MK Arya. 8.

62.     A. iii. 178; Netti. 21. J. iv. 241.

63.   Ns., 897, 904, 911. cf. Milinda Panha, 160.

64.   Sn. 68, 219.

65.   Dve'me Tathagatam Abbhacikkhanti Katamam dve ? Yo ca Neyyattham suttantam nitattho suttanto ti dipeti; yo ca nitattham suttantam nevyattho suttanto ti dipeti,    A., i. 60.

66.   AA., i. 95; Cf. Kathavatthu, Atthakatha, 34.

67.   Sn. 884.    68.  A. ii. 41; v. 29. 

The Theory of Syadvada 

69.     A History of Indian Philosophy, Vol. l. p. 141.

70.   SV. p. 1027.

71.   Encyclopaedia of Buddhism, Fascicule : A-Aca-P, p. 142.

72.   Studies in Jaina Philosophy, p. 22.

73.   PKM. 526.

74.   Sarvamasti svarupena pararupena nasti ca.

Anyatha sarvasattvam syat svarupasyapyasambhavah.

--SM., 14.

75.   Vastvasankarasiddhisca tatpramanyam samasrita.

Ksiradadhyadi yannasti pragabhavah sa ucyate

NKC., p. 467.

76.   PKS., 9.

77.   Nastita payaso dadhai pradhvamsabhavalaksanam, --NKC., p. 467.

78.   Gavi yo' svadyabhavastu so' nyonyabhava ucyate. NKC., Vol. ll. p. 467.

79.   ibid., Vol. ll. p. 467; Jaina theories of Reality and knowledge, p. 350.

80.   Jaina Theories of Reality and Knowledge, p. 363.

81.   Rgveda, x. 129, Tr. Macdonell, A Vedic Reader for Students. p. 207-8.

82.   Vi., 2. 1-8

83.   Tup. 2. 7; Also see the CHU p. 3. 19. 1.

84.   MUp. 2. 2. 1.    85.   ChUp. 3. 19. 1.

86.   Sankhyaparavacanabhasya, p. 3.

87.   Nyayabhasya, 2. 1. 18.

88.   Vedantasara, p. 25.

89.   Santi...eke samanabrahmana amaravikkhepika, tattha tattha panham puttha samana vacavikkhepam apajjanti amaravikkhepam catuhi vatthuni, D., 1. 24.

90.   DA. 1. 115.

91.   Idha...ekacco samano va brahmano va idam kusalam ti yathabhutam nappajanati, idam akusalam ti yatha-bhutam nappajanati. Tassa evam hoti. Aham kho idam kusalam ti yathabhutam nappajanami, idam akusalam ti yathabhutam nappajanami. Ahan c' eva kho pana idam ti yathabhutam appajanato, idam. kusalam ti yathabhutam appajanato idam. knsalam ti va vyakareyyam, idam, akusalam ti va vyakareyyam, tattha me assa chando va rago va doso va patigho va tam mam assa musa. Yam mam' assa musa so mam'assa vighato. Yo mam'assa vighato so mam'assa antarayo ti. Iti so musavadabhaya musavadapari-jeguccha n'ev idam kusalam ti vyakaroti na pana idam akusalam ti vyakaroti, tattha tattha panham puttho samano vaca vikkhepam apajjati amaravikkhe-pam : Evam ti pi me no. Tatha ti pi me no. Annatha ti pi me no. No ti pi me no. No no ti pi me no ti D., i. 24-5.

92.   DA., i. 155.

93.   idha, bhikhave, ekacco samano va brahmano va mando hoti momuho. So mandatta momuhatta tattha tattha panham puttho samano vacavikkhepam apajjati amaravikkhepam-Atthi paro loko ti...evam ti pi me no, ti. tatha ti pi me no, annatha ti pi me no, no no ti pi me no ti. Natthi paro loko ti pe...atthi ca natthi ca paro loko pi...nevatthi na natthi paro loko pi.: atthi satta opapatika pi, natthi satta opapatika, nevatthi na natthi satta opapatika; atthi sukatadu-kkhatanam kammanam phalam vipako, natthi... vipako, atthi ca natthi...vipako, nevatthi na natthi... vipako. Hoti tathagato param marana, na hoti... maranam, neva hoti na na hoti...marana. D. 1. 27.

94.   D., i 58-59.

95.   DA., i. 115; see, Jaytilleke, Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, p. 136.

96.   Keith writes-he (sanjaya) seems as an agnostic to have been the first to formulate the four possibilities of existence, non-existence, both and neither..." Buddhist Philosophy, p. 303 : Raju, P. T. also supports this view stating "the principle seems to have been first used by Sanjaya"--an article "The Principle of Four Cornered Negation in Indian Philosophy."

97.   Buddhism and Culture, ed. Susuma Yamaguchi, Kyoto, 1960 p. 71.

98.   Asiyasayam Kriyanam Akriyavaena hoi culasie. Annaniya sattatthi veniyana ca vattisa. Sukr. Vo. I. fol. 212.

99.   Ibid. 1. 3. 11-34; Vrtti, p. 45-6; Vavisam suttaim tikanaiyaim terasia sutta parivadie, Samavayanga 22.4.

100.   Tatha te eve Gosala-pravarttita Ajivakah pasandinas Trairasika ucyante, yatas te sarvam vastu tryatmakam icchanti tad yatha jivo jivajivas ca loko' loko loka-lokasca, sadasat sadasat. Naya-cintayam drvya-stikam paryayastikam ubhayastikam ca, Tatas tribhi rasibhis caranti iti Trairasikah Nandi comm., fol. 113, quoted by Weber Verzeichniss, ii, p. 685. Cf. Samavaya comm., fal. 129. History and doctrines of the Ajivikas. p. 275.

101.   Early Buddhist Theory of Knowledge, p. 156.

102.    Na ya vi panne parihasakujja, na ya' siyavaya viya-garejja, Sukr. 1. 14. 19.

103.   Sankejja ya' samkitabhava bhikkhu, vibhajjavayam ca viyagarejja, bhasadukam dhammam-samutthitehim vyagarejja samaya supanne. ibid. 1. 14. 22.

104.   PK. 14.

105.   Vibhajjavayam ca viyagraejja, sukr. 1. 14. 22.

106.   Ekamsika pi...maya dhamma desita pannatta, D. i. 191.; Cf. vibhajja-vado...aham...naham...ekamsavado, M. ii. 197.

107.   "The Logic of Relatively as the Common Ground for the Development of the Middle Way", Buddhism and Culture, ed. Susuma Yamaguchi, Kyoto, 1960, p. 80.

108.   MA. ii. 831; DA. iii. 906.    109. M. i. 232.

110.    S. iv. 298-9.    111. M. i. 498 ff.

112.   MA. iii. 204.    113.   DPPN., sv. Dighanakha.

114.   Katamo ca Rahulo tejodhatu ? tejodhatu siya ajjha-ttika siyavahira, M., Cularahulovadasutta; Also see the Bodhirajakumarasutta of the same Nikaya, p. 330 (Nagari edition).

115.   Utpadadyastrayo vyasta nalam laksanakarmani. Samskrtasya samaskrtasya samastayu rekatra kathamekada. Utpadasthitibhangnamanyat samskrtalaksanam. Asticedanvasthaivannasti cette na samskrtah. Mk. 45-6.

116.   Etenaiva yadahrikah kimapyasl lamakulam. Pralapanti pratiksiptam tadapyekanta sambhavat. Digam-baranam idam ca kimapyayuktam aslilamaheyopadeya. maparinisthanat akule "syadustro dadhi na syaditi" yairuktam te' pi etenaiva praksiptah. bhabenaiva ekantabhedat. PV. 1. 183.

117.   Sarvasyobhayarupatve tadvisesanirakrteh.

Codito dadhi khadeti Kimustram nabhidhavati.

Athastya-tisayah kascit yena bhedena vartate.

Sa eva dadhyonyatra nasltyanubhayam param. ibid 1. 184-5.

118.   Sarvatmatve ca sarvesam bhinnau syatam na dhidhvanih. Bhedasamharavadasya tadabhavadasambhavah. ibid., 1. 185-6

119.   Athotpadavyayadhrauvyayuktam yattatsadisyate. Esameva na satvam syat etadbhavadhiyogatah etc., PV A., p. 142.

Yada vyavastadasatvam katham tasya pratiyate.

Purvam pratites atvam syat tada tasya vyayah katham.

Dhrauvye' pi yadi nasmin dhih katham satvam pratiyate.

Pratiterevasarvasya tasmatsattvam kuto' nyatha.

Tasmannityanityasya vastunah sambhavah qvacit.

Anityam nityamathavastu ekantena yuktimat. PV A, p. 142.

120.   HBT., p. 233.

121.   "Utpadavyayadhrauvya yuktam sat" ityetadapyayu-ktam, dhra uvenotpadavyayayorvirodhat, ekasmin dharminyayogat. kathancit utpadavyayau kathancit, dhrauvymiti cet. yathotpadau na thatha dhrauvy-ayam, yatha ca dhrauvyam na tathotpadavyayayayaviti naikam vastu yathoktalaksanam syat. ibid. p. 146.

122.   Drvyaparyayarupatvat dvairupyam vastunah kila. Tayorekatmakatvepi bhedah. samjnadibhedath ibid., p. 104.

123.   ibid. v. 4-5.    124.   ibid. v. 7-12, p. 105.

125.   ibid., v. 20 & 25. p. 106.    126.   TSP. p. 421.

127.   TS., 1722    128.   ibid. 1723.

129.   ibid. 1720-30    130.   cf. ibid. 1733-35.

131.   yo'pi Digambaro manyate--Sarvatmakameyedam syadanyapohavyatikrme tasmad bheda evanyatha na syadanyabhavo bhavanam yadi na bhabediti, sopya-nena nirastah. abhavena bhavsbhedasya kartuma-sakyatvat. napyabhinnanam hetuto nispannanamany-onyabhavah sambhavati. bhinnascennispannah, kathamanyonyabhavah sambhavati ? PVST. p 109.

132.   tena yo'pi Digambaro manyate...sopyatra nirakrta eva drastavyah. tadvati samanyavisesavati vastunya-bhyupagamyamane atyantenabhedabhedau syatam... atha samanyavisesayoh kathancidabbeda isyate...... mithyavada eva syadvadah. --PVST., p. 332-42.

133.   Jaina Theories of Reality and Knowledge, p. 22-23.

134.   Sadbhuta dharmah sattadidharmaih samana bhinnascapi yatha Nirgranthadinam. Tanmatam na samanjasam. kasmat ? no bhinnabhinnamete'pi purvavat bhinnabhinnayordosabhavat.....ubhayore-kasmin asiddhatvat......bhidnnabhnnakalpena na sadbhutam nyayasiddham satyabhasam grahitam. 2.2.

135.   Gunaved dravyamutpadavyadhrauvadayo gunah.

Dudrava dravati drosyatyekanekam svaparyayam.

Bhedajnanat pratiyet pradurbhavatyayu yadi.

Abhedajnanatah siddha sthitiramsena kenacit. NV., 117-8.

136.   Arcatacataka tadasmaduparama, dustarkapaksabala-clanat. Syadadacalavidalanacuncurna tavasti nayacancuh. --NVV., 1087.

137.   AJP. Vol. I. p. 72.

138.    Na narahsimharupatva na simho naraupatah.

Sabdavijnakayanam bhedat jatyantaram hi tat.

Nanaro nararyeveti na simhah simha eva hi.

Samanadhikaranyena narasimhah prakirtitah.

Dravyat svasmadabhinnasca vyavrttasca parasparam.

Unmajjanti nimajjanti jalakallolavat jale.

--NKC., p. 369; also see APT., p. 15.

139.   Bhutadosasyodbhavayitumasakyatvena asaddusaneno-dbhavanam sa jatih, NVV., Vol. 11. p. 233.

140.   Tatra mithyottaram jatih yatha' nekantavidvisam. Dadhyustraderabhedatvaprasangadekacodanam. NV., 2. 203.

141.   NVV., Vol. Il. p. 233.

142.   Purvapaksamavijnaya dusako' pi vidusakah iti prasiddhah. NVV., Voil. ii, p. 233

At another place Dharmakirti is called `Kathamunmatto' NVV., p. 17 Kutsitmasamsamanah ayam prasiddho Dharmakirti kenapi Dignagadina vancitah (SVT., p. 365 etc.)

143.   NV., 2. 204-5, Like-wise at another place Akalanka, commenting on the Buddhist Acaryas, especially Dharmakirti, says :

Dadhyadau na pravarteta Bauddha tadbhuktaye.

Janah, Adrasyam saugatim tatra tanum samsankamanakah.

Dadhyadike tatha bhukte na bhuktam kancikadikam.

Ityasau vettu no vetti na bhukta saugati tanuh.

--Siddhiviniscayasvavrtti, 6, 37.

144.   Stuletarakarayorapyevamanyonyabhede satyapi dravyenaikena tadatmyopapatteravaya vino Jainabhi-matasya suvyavasthatvat, NVV Pt. ii. p. 172; Sadrasatmanah santo niyatarttaya h. ibid pt. ii. p. 52.

145.   PSg. p. 115-6.

The Date of Buddha  

1. IA., 1914, pp. 126.

2.   Introduction to the Dhammapada, SBE., pp. xliii-xlvii.

3. Book of Indian Eras, p. 34.

4. Vinaya Pitaka, SBE., Vol. xlll. p. 28.

5.   Political History of India, p. 227.

6. Kern, Buddhism, 11. p. 63.

7. Agama aura Tripitake : EKa Anusilana, P. 114.

8. Journal Asialique, 1900, pp. 316; Eng. trans. by J. M. Seneviratne, JRAS (Ceylon Branch), Vol. xxiv., No. 68, pp. 82-102.

9. "Date of the Buddha's of Ceylon from a Chinese Source", JRAS, 1911, pp, 1142-1144.

10.   Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol. 1. pp. 79-80, 122-124, 155-157.

11.   Mahavamsa, intro. pp. xxii.

12.   JRAS. (Ceylon Branch), 1914, Vol. xxxiii, No. 67, p. 143.

13.   Dve satani ca vassani attharasa vassani ca. Samubuddhe parinibhute abhisitto piyadassano. Dip., vi. 1.

14.   Jinanibbanato pacca pura tassabhisekato. Sattharasam vassasatadvayam evem vijaniyam. Maha Vamsa. v. 21.

15.   Dip., v. 100; Maha., v. 16-18.

16.   Dip., vi. 21-22; Maha., v. 22.

17.   Smith, V. A; The Early History of India, pp. 38-9, Roychaudhuri accepts 323 B. C.

18.   ERE., 1. pp. 260-261.

19.   Book of Indian Eras, pp. 34-5.

20.   Ulien's Hwen Thsang, 11.335.

21.   Record of Buddhistic Kingdoms, translated by Giles C. vii.

22.   Epigraphia Zeylanica, Vol. 1. p. 155 & p. 123; See also Galvihara Inscription of Polonnaruwa, 11. 1-4 (Ed. Muller, Ancient Inscription of Ceylon, pp. 87. 120).

23.   Hultzsch, South Indian Inscription iii. no. 27, p. 53; Epigr. Zeyl. pp. 80, 155.

24.   Geiger, Mahavamsa, intro. p. xxix.

25.   University of Ceylon Review, Vol. xviii. Nos. 3 & 4, pp. 131.

26.   Epigraphia Zelanica. Vol. 1. pp. 79-80, 122-124, 155-57.

27.   The date of Buddha's death and Ceylon chronology, JRAS. Vol. xxiii. No. 67, 1914, pp. 143.

28.   Ibid., P. 253.

29.   Contribution to Sinhalese chronology, JRAS. 1913, p, 517-531.

30.   JRAS., (Ceylon Branch), Val. xxiii. No. 67, 1914.

31.   IA., Vol. xi. 1882, p. 246 (for the particulars about Indrabhuti Ganadhara). 

APPENDIX II 

Buddhist Councils

1. Alam avuso, ma socittha, ma paridevittha, Samutta mayam tena mahasamanena, upadduta ca homa, idam vo kappati idam vo na kappati, idani pana mayam yam icchissama tam tam karissam. yam na icchissam tam na karissam. Dighanikaya, Mahapari-nibbana-Sutta; Vinaya Pitaka, Culla, Pancasatika Khandhaka.

2. Pure adhamo dippati, dhammo patibahiyati. avinayo dippati.    3.   Mahavamsa., ii. 2.2

4. There is no unanimity regarding to inclusion of Ananda in the First Council. See, Le Councile de Ragaha, p. 225.

5. Prof. La Valiee Pousin has traced some of these rules in the Mahavagga (vl. 17-19-20). Purana says "The dhamma and the Vinaya have been well sung by the Theras. Nevertheless, even in such manner as it has been heard by me from the mouth of the Blessed One, in that manner will I bear it in memory." Vinaya Pitaka, iii.34l-Culla, XL. i. i., quoted by S. Dutta in The Buddha and Five After Centuries, p. 103.

6.   Buddhistic Studies, p. 44.

7.   Recherches sur le Bouddhisme, 1887, translated from Russian into French by R. H. Assier de Pompognan, 1824.

8.   Buddhistische Stuaien, ZDMG, 1898, pp. 613; Introduction to the Vinayapitaka, Vol. 1.xxv-xxix.

9. The life of the Buddha, p. vii.

10.   General introduction to the Buddhist Suttas, SBE. Vol. XL. p. xiii.

11.     J. P. T. S., 1908, pp. 1-80.

12.   The Buddha and Five After Centuries, p. 102,

13.   IHQ., Viii. pp. 241-6.

14.   Early Monastic Buddhism. N. Dutta, Vol. 1. p. 337.

15.   IHQ., VIII. pp. 781-4.

16.     Le Mouseon, VI. pp. 213-323, tr. into English in the Indian Antiquary, 1908; See also ERE., sv. Councils.

17.     Le council de Rajagrha, by Jean Przyluski.

18.   ZDMG., Vol. xxxiv; 1880, pp. 184 ff.

19.   Tata anantaram-dhammasangani-vibhangance, kathavatthunca Puggalam, Dhatu-yamaka-patthanam, abhidhammati vaccati. Evam samvannitam sukhama-yanagocaram, tam samgayitva idam abhidhammapi-takam namati vatva panca-arhantasatani sajjha-yamakansu. Sumangalavilasini, Nidanakatha.

20.     2 Cf. Early Monastic Buddhism, Vol. 1. p. 339.

21.   Recherches Sur le Bouddhisme, pp. 35-36.

22.   Early Monastic Buddhism, Vol. 1. p. 339.

23.   Mahavamsa, 5.

The Tibbetan and Chinese accounts give a quite different reason. They relate this dissension with Mahadeva's dogmas, which are as follows :

(i) An Arhat may commit a sin by uncounscious temptation. (ii) One may be an Arhat and not know it. (iii) An Arhat may have doubts on matters of doctrine. (iv) One cannot attain Arhatship without a teacher., and (v) The noble ways may begin by a shout, that is one meditating seriously on religion may make such an exclamation as how sad ! How sad ! and by so doing attain progress towards perfection--the path is attained by an exclamation of astonishment.--2500 years of Buddhism, p. 98.

24.   Dipavamsa, 5.30 foll. names it Mahasamgiti, while the Mahavamsa, 5. 3-4, calls it Mahasanghika.

25.   Historic due Bouddhisme Dans, 1. Indc : Buddhistic Studies, p. 26.

26.   Manual of Buddhism, p. 109.

27.   Introduction to the Vinayapitaka, p. xxix.

28.   Buddhist Philosophy in India and Ceylon, Vol. 11. pp. 265-6.

29.   Buddhist Philosophy, p. 19.    30.   Ibid.

31.   Hultzsch, E., Inscriptions of Ashoka,; Corpus Inscription Indicarum, Vol. 1. Oxford, 1925, pp. xliii. ff; p. 160. No. 5.

32.   Studies in the Origin of Buddhism, p. 8.

33.   The Vajjiputtakas established the Maha-Sanghika sect in the Second council. It was divided later on into five sects and become six, Viz. Mahasanghika, Ekabboharika, Gokulaka, Pannattivadi, Bahulika, and Cetiyavadi.

APPENDIX III 

The Concept of Omniscience In Buddhism 

1. M. i. 529; ii. 31; Buddhist Legend (Dhammapadattha-katha), Vol. 29. p. 74 ff.

2. M. i 482.    3.   A. iv. 164.

4. PTS. Dictionary. 5.   D. i. 83.

6. So dibbene cakkhuna visuddhena atikkantamanusakena satte passati cavamane upapajjamane hine panite suvanne dubbanne sugate duggate yatha-kammupage. D. i 82.    7.   M. i. 213.

8. A. i. 170-171; Early Buddhist theory of Knowledge p. 440.

9. A. ii. 191.    10.  M. i. 167.

11.     D. iii. 12; A. i. 340.    12.  M. i. lll.

13.   Sn. 229.    14.  M. i. 347.

15.     So imam dukkham dukkham ti yathabhutam pajanati, ayam dukkhasamudayo ti.....ayam asavanirodhagami-nipatipada ti, D. i. 84.    16.   Sn. 478.

17.   Dialogues of the Buddha, iii. p. 12.

18.   ibid. ii. p. 4.    19.  D. i. 223.

20.   Unlimited retrocognition, unlimited clatrovoyance, and knowledge of the destruction of the inflowing impulses, M. i, 482.

21.     In addition to the three--fold knowledge : (i) the Buddha knows, as it really is, what is possibe as possible and what is impossible as impossible, (ii) the Buddha knows as it really is the effects according to their conditions and causes, of the performance of karma in the past, present and future, and (iii) the Buddha knows, as it really is, the corruption, perfection and arising from contemplative states of release, concentration and attainment, A. iii. 417.

22.     In addition to the six abhinnas the following four added : (i) The Tathagata knows, as it really is, the mode of a life leading to all states, (ii) the Tathagata knows, as it really is, the world with its various and diverse elements, (iii) the Tathagata knows, as it really is, the various predilections of beings, and (iv) the Tathagata knows, as it really is wha goes on in the senses and faculties of other beings and individuals, M. i. 71. Vibhanga, 335-44. Early Budelhist Theory of Knowleage.

23.     A. iv. 173 ff.; Smith, Asoka, p. 154.

24.   Buddhist Philosophy, p. 33.

25.   Sabbam sankhatam asankhatam anavassam janati ti......atitam......pacuppannam sabbam janati ti, Patisambhidamagga, 131.

26.   Kathavatthu, 228.    27. A. iii. 165.

28.   Milindapanha, 34.    29.   Atthasalini, 304.

30.   Dutta, N., Place of Faith in Buddhism, IHO. Vol. 16, p. 639.

31.   Pae-sadda-mahannava Vol. in. p. 796; Prakrita Vyakarana of Hemachandra. D. Pishel, Bombay, 1900. p. 159. Belief in the seven categories (saptatattvas) as ascertained in Jainlsm is calleed Right Belief (Samyag-darsana) which paves a way to attain salvation.

32.   Sarvarthasiddhi; 6.24.

33.   Yasastilaka and Indian Culture, p. 262, N. 3.

34.   Paeaisaddamahannava, Vol. iii. p. 796.

35.   Abhidhanarajendrakosa Vol. X.

36.   Heyopadeyatattvasya sabhyupayasya vedakah.

Yah pramanamasavisto na tu sarvasya vedakah.

Brahm pasyatu va na va tattvamistam tu pasyatu.

Pramanam durdarsi cedeha gradhranupasmahe.

Pv. 2.32-33.

37.   Tato vitaragatve sarvartha jnanasambhah punah kalantare tesam sarvajna-gunaraginam, alpayatnena sarvajnatvasiddhiravartta...PVA. p. 329.

38.   Ydyadicchti boddhum va tattvavetti niyogatah.

Saktireyam vidha-hyasya prahinavarano hyaso.

TS. 3628. 

SELECT BIBLIOGRAPHY 

I. ORIGINAL SOURCES 

A. Pali Texts and Translations 

1.   Abhidhammatthasangaha. Ed. Rhys Davids, JPTS. 1884, Tr. R. Davids, PTS., 1910.

2.   Anguttara Nikaya, PTS., E. Morries and E. Hardy, 5 Vols; London, 1885-1900, Tr. F. L. Woodward and E. M. Hare, The Book of the Gradual Sayings, PTS. 5 Vols. London, 1932-36.

3. Apadana, PTS. Ed. Lilley, 2 Vols., 1925-7.

4.   Atthasalini by Buddhaghosa, PTS. Ed. Muller, 1897, Tr. P. M. Tin., The Expositer, 2 Vols. PTS., 1920-21.

5.   Buddhavamsa, PTS., Ed. Morris, 1882, Tr. B. C. Law, PTS., 1938.

6.   Dhammapada, PTS. Ed. S. Sumangala Thera, London, 1914, Tr. C. A. F. Rhys Davids. PTS. 1931.

Dhammapadatthakatha Ed. H. C. Norman PTS. 1906-14, Tr. Burtingame, HOS. 1921.

7. Dight Nakaya, PTS.E.T.W.Rhys Davids and J.E. Carpenter, 3 Vols. London, 1890-1911. Tr. T.w. Rhys Davids and C.A.F.Rhys Davids, Doalogues of the Biddha, SBE. Vols. 3 Oxford, 1899-1921.

8.Dipavamsa, PTS.Ed. and Tr. H.Oldenberg, William and Norgate, Edinburgh, 1879.

9.IDhammasangani, Ed.Muller, PTS. 1889, Tr.r.Davids London.1935.

10. Itivuttaka, PTS.Ed. Windisch, 1889,Tr.Woodward, PTS.1935.

11. Jataka, Ed. Fausboll, G Vols, London, 189996 Tr. Jataka Stories, Cowell, Chalmers, Eouse, Francis, and Neil, Cambridge, 1895-1907.

12. Kathavatthu,PTS.Ed.Taylor, 2 Vols, 1894-7,7 Tr. points of Controversy PTS. 1915.

13. Mahavanisa, PTS.Ed.W Geiger, London, 1958.

14. Majavamsa Tola, Ed. Malalsekera, 2 Vols. PTS. 1935.

15.Majjhima Nikaya, PTS,Ed.V. Trenkner and R. Chalmers, 3 Vols, London, Tr.I.B. Horner, Middle Length Sayinm. 3 Vols London,1954-9.

16. Manoratha purani Comy. to Anguttara Nikaya PTS.Ed.M. Walleser and H. Kapp,5 Vols. London, 1924-56

17. Milinda panha, London. Ed. V. Trenkner, London.1928.

18. Nettipakarana, PTS.Ed.E. Hardy, London, 1902.

19. Papancasudani Comy. to Majjhima Nikaya, PTS. Ed.J.H.Woods, J.HKosanbi and I.B.Horner,5 Vols, Loddon, 1922-38.

20.Paramattjakptola PTS. Cpmu. tp Sittanopita, Ed.H.Smith,3 Vols, London, 1916.18.

21. Smyutta Nikaya, pts. Ed. L. Feer, e Vols. London, 1884-1094, Tr. C.A.F.Rhys Davids and F.L.Woodward, PTS. The cook of the Kindred Sayings. 5 Vols, London, 1970-30

22. Saratthappakasini, Comy, to Samyutta Nikaya, PTS,Ed.F.L. Woodward 3 vols. London, 1929-37.

23. Sumangala Vilasini, Comy, to Digha Nikaya PTS.Ed. T.W.Thys Davids Carpenter, and W.Stede, 3 vols, London, 1886-1932.

24. Suttanipata, PTS. Ed. D. Anderson and H. Smith, London, 1948, Tr.V.Gausboll, SBE. Vol.10,Pt.e,oxford,1881.

25. Thera-and Therigatha, Oldenberg and Pischel, London, 1903-1913.Tr. Psalms of the Early Buddhists PTS. 2 Vols, London, 1903-1913.

26. Udana PTS.Ed.P.Steinthal, London, 1948.

27. Vibhanga, PTS.Ed.C.A.F. Rhys Davids, London 1904

28. Vinaya Pitaka, H. Oldenberg, 5 Vols, London, 1879 83. Tr.T.W.Rhys Davids and H. Oldenberg. The Book of Disciplene, SBE, Vols 13,17,20, Oxford, 1881-85.

29. Visuddhimagga, Ed. Warren and Kosambi, HOS 1950. Tr. Nanmali, the oath of Purification, Colombo, 1956.

B. prakrit Tcxts and Translations

30. Ayassaya (Avasyaka Bhasya, Comy. By Haribhadra and Malayagiri.

31. Ayaranga (Acaranga), Comy. By Silanka, Tr. H. Jacobi, Jaina Sutras, SBE. XXii. Oxrord, 1884.

32. Bhagawati (Bhagavai),with the Comy. Ed. S.C.P. Jhaveri and S. Kesharimalji, Vols.e, Surat, 1937, Jamnagar, 1940.

33. Bhava Asngraha by Devasena.

34. Dasveyaliya (Dasavaikalika), Niryukti by Bhadrabahu. Bombay, 1933.

35. Dravya sangraha by Nemicandra, with Vrtti, Ed. Ghoshal, SBJ. Eng. Tr S.C. Chakravatti, Arrah.

36. Gomattasara Jivakanda of Nemicandre.

37. Gomattasara Karmakanda of Nemicandre.

38. Jamvudivapannatti-Comy Santicandra, Bombay.

39. Kundakunda Granthavali-Phaltan, 1970.

40. Kappasutta (Kalpasutra), Comy. Samayasundara Tr. Jacobi, SBE. XXii, 1884.

41. Mahavandha, Bhutavali, Vols.7, Varanasi, 1956.

42. Mulacara, Bombay. 1933.

43.Nayadhammakhao, comy. Abhayadeva, Bombay.

44. Niyamasara of Kundakunda. Sonagarh, 1964.

45. Pahuda, Mathura. Vols. 12.

46. Pancastikayasata of Kundakunda. SBJ.

47. Pravacanasara of Kundakunda, Sholapur, 1947.

48. Samvayanga, Comy by Abhayadeva, Ed. Nem Chandra Ahmedabad, 1938.

49. Sanmati Tarka, Ahmedabad.

50. Satkhandagama with Dhavaula, Vols. 16. Amravati. Ed. Dr.hira lal Jain, 1939-1958.

51. Suyagadanga (Sutrakrtanga), Comy. By Abhayadeva, Bomnay, 1917.

52. Thananga comy. Abhayadeva, Bombay, 1937.

53. Uttaarjjhayana (Uttaradhyana), Comy. by Nemicandra, Bombay, Tr. Jacobi, SBE, xlv. 1895.

54. Uvasagadasao Comy. by Abgayadeva, Poona.

C. Sanskrit Texts and Translations

(a) vedic or Brahmanical

55. Atharvaveda Samhita. Ed.R.Roth and W.D Whitney,Berlin, 1224.

56. Bhagwadgita, Gita Press, Gorakhpur, 1926.

57. Bhagwat Purana Ed. Gopal Narain Company, Bombay 1898.

58. Brhadaranyaka Upnisada, Ed.E.H.Johnston, Calcutta, 1935.

59. Caraka Samhita by Caraka. With Ayutvedadipika of Cakrapanidatta, Ed,N.N.Shastri, 2 Vols. lahore, 1929.

60. Mahanharata, Gita Press, Gorakhapur, 1956-58.

61. Manusmrti, with Comy of Kullukabhatta, Ed.Ksemaraja Sri Krisnadas, `Sresthi' Tr. Datta. Calcutta 1909.

62. Mimamsa slokavartika by Kumarila. Kashi.

63. Nyayamanjari by Jayanta, Vizianagaram.

64. Nyaya Sutra by Gautama Ed. &Tr. S.C.vidyabhusana, S.B.H.Vol.8,Allahabad,1913

65. Nyayavataratika by Udyotakara, Kashi.

66. Patanjali Mahabhasya by Prasastapada, Vizianagaram.

67. Rka Samhita, bambay, 1867

68. Sankara's Works, 20 Vols. Sri Vani vilasa Edition. Srirangam, 1910.

69. Sankya Karika by Usvarakrsna, Ed.S.N. Shastri, Madras, 1948.

70. Sarvadersanasangraha, Ed, V.S. Abhenkara, 3rd edition Poona, 1951.

71. Satpatha Brahmana, Achyuta Grathamala Karyalaya, Kashi, 2 Vols, 1937-40.

72.Smriti Samucchaya Poona, 1905

73. Tatparyatika by Vacaspati, Ed.R. Shastri, Benaras, 1925.

74. Sukla Yajurveda Samhita, Ed.J.C. Shastri, Varanasi. 1971.